Curcuma longa enhances IFN-gamma secretion by natural killer cells through cytokines secreted from macrophages was written by Seo, Sang Gwon;Ahn, Young Je;Jin, Mu Hyun;Kang, Nae Gyu;Cho, Ho Song. And the article was included in Journal of Food Science in 2021.Name: Bisdemethoxycurcumin The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) regulates the human immune system. To study the interaction between macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, we established a THP-1 macrophage-conditioned media. Among the 58 natural plant extracts tested, Curcuma longa exerted the strongest IFN-gamma-enhancing effect in NK-92 cells through THP-1 macrophages. C. longa extract (CLE) enhanced IFN-gamma secretion 2.3- and 4.2-fold at 50 and 100 mug/mL, resp. Therefore, we evaluated its IFN-gamma-enhancing effect in vitro. Although NK-92 cells did not produce IFN-γ following treatment with C. longa, enhanced IFN-gamma secretion was observed after treatment with THP-1 macrophage-conditioned media. We hypothesized that the cytokines secreted by the CLE-treated THP-1 macrophages are responsible for stimulating NK-92 cells. Cytokine array results show upregulation of cytokines, including MIP-1alpha, CXCL-1, IL-1beta, PAI-1, and TNF-alpha, in CLE-treated THP-1 macrophages. To determine the cytokines responsible for augmenting IFN-gamma secretion, NK-92 cells were stimulated with MIP-1alpha, CXCL-1, IL-1beta, or PAI-1. ELISA results show that all cytokines induced IFN-gamma production, although the dose response was somewhat varied. High-performance liquid chromatog. anal. of CLE revealed the concentrations of three active curcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, as 6.70%, 1.00%, and 0.95%, resp. Their mixture (with concentrations comparable to their occurrence in CLE) exerted an effect similar to that of the whole CLE. Our findings reveal that CLE indirectly stimulated NK-92 cells to secrete IFN-gamma, which is mediated by cytokines produced from THP-1 macrophages. Further, we identified three curcuminoids partly responsible for this IFN-gamma-enhancing effect. Therefore, C. longa can be used as a functional food ingredient owing to its immune-boosting ability. This study demonstrates that CLE stimulates THP-1 macrophages to secrete cytokines, which can in turn stimulate IFN-gamma production by NK-92 cells. A mixture of three curcuminoids present in the extract exerted effects similar to whole CLE, demonstrating that the curcuminoids are partly responsible for the IFN-gamma-enhancing effect of C. longa. Since IFN-gamma is a key regulator of human immune system, these results suggest the potential use of C. longa as an immune-boosting functional food ingredient. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Bisdemethoxycurcumin (cas: 33171-05-0Name: Bisdemethoxycurcumin).
Bisdemethoxycurcumin (cas: 33171-05-0) belongs to ethers. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Name: Bisdemethoxycurcumin
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Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem