Month: February 2023

Design, synthesis and biological screening of N₁-arylsulfonyl (1H-indole-2-yl)-1-(piperazinyl) methanone derivatives as 5-HT₆ receptor ligands: part I was written by Nirogi, Ramakrishna V. S.;Deshpande, Amol D.;Kambhampati, Ramasastri;Bandyala, Thrinath Reddy;Konda, Jagadishu Babu;Rao, B. Venugopala;Gudla, Parandhama;Shinde, Anil K.;Dubey, P. K.. And the article was included in Pharma Chemica in 2012.Synthetic Route of C8H9NO3 This article mentions the following:

The usefulness of 5-HT₆ antagonists in the treatment of cognitive disorders and more recently in obesity and feeding disorders is well documented. Keeping in mind the min. pharmacophoric requirements needed for the 5-HT₆ receptor binding, a new series of N₁-arylsulfonyl(1H-indol-2-yl) piperazinyl methanone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested for their in-vitro affinity towards the 5-HT₆ receptor. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Synthetic Route of C8H9NO3).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Synthetic Route of C8H9NO3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Phase Equilibria in Binary Mixtures of Water with Triglyme and Tetraglyme: Experimental Determination and Thermodynamic Modeling was written by Kolin, Ondrej;Dohnal, Vladimir. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data in 2020.Formula: C8H18O4 This article mentions the following:

Because of their many favorable properties and specifically balanced amphiphilic nature, glymes (oligomeric ethylene glycol diethers) are of great technol. and theor. interest. This study focuses on the phase equilibrium and energetics of aqueous solutions of two important members of the glyme series, triglyme (triethylene glycol di-Me ether) and tetraglyme (tetraethylene glycol di-Me ether). For these systems, we carried out accurate measurements of water activity at two temperatures (298.15 and 313.15 or 318.15 K) in the whole composition range, boiling temperatures at three pressures (50, 70, and 90 kPa), and freezing temperatures in the water-rich region. The melting temperature and melting enthalpy of the neat glymes were also determined We correlated our water activity data simultaneously with some related thermal data from the literature using an extended SSF-type excess Gibbs energy (G^E) model. The established model descriptions provided not only particularly good fit of the underlying data but, as proven by due comparisons to other results from both the literature and this work, showed a superior performance, extrapolating very well to both higher and lower temperatures The high-fidelity global modeling also enabled us to present a clear picture of the energetics of the two aqueous glymes. At near-ambient temperatures, both systems exhibit non-monotonous activity coefficient courses with composition, large exothermic effects, and remarkably deep drops of the entropy accompanying the mixing, their pos. G^E being entropy-driven. On increasing the temperature, the former features gradually decline while G^E keeps about the same magnitude and becomes enthalpy-driven. Although both systems show a great tendency to phase splitting above the normal boiling temperature of water, our model calculations predicted the lower critical solution temperature behavior only for the aqueous solution of triglyme. The observed pattern of the energetic behavior has been well elucidated in terms of competitive water-water and water-ether H-bonding. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Formula: C8H18O4).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Formula: C8H18O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Collisionally induced dissociation in the study of A-ring hydroxylated vitamin D type compounds was written by Young, David C.;Vouros, Paul;Holick, Michael F.;Higuchi, Tetsuo. And the article was included in Analytical Chemistry in 1992.Name: 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole This article mentions the following:

Collisionally induced dissociation (CID) is often used to determine the structure of ions based on comparison with the CID spectra of known ions. The latter are generated from judiciously selected compounds taking into account basic principles of ion chem. Here the use of this approach toward determination of the site of A-ring hydroxylation of vitamin D is reported. Although not intrinsically an aromatic compound, vitamin D gives rise in its mass spectrum to an aromatic methylstyryl cation at m/z 118. A-ring hydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D would thus incorporate the extra OH group on the ion at m/z 118, shifting it to m/z 134. The position of substitution of the extra OH group on a metabolite could then be ascertained by comparing the CID spectrum of its m/z 134 fragment to those of the 4 possible (hydroxymethyl)styryl cations generated from synthesized authentic compounds Because of their propensity to polymerize, these cations were generated in situ via the McLafferty rearrangement of the corresponding (hydroxyphenyl)ethanols. For optimum differentiation of isomeric ions, preparation of permethylated derivatives of vitamin D was necessary. The validity of the hypothesis was verified by using 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ as a test compound This method provides a viable approach for the characterization of A-ring hydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D as well as for related aromatic compounds In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Name: 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Name: 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Liquid-liquid phase-change absorption of hydrogen sulfide by superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and its chemical regeneration was written by Xu, Zhiyong;Zhao, Wenbo;Xie, Xuhao;Xu, Shengchao;Chen, Yuan. And the article was included in Separation and Purification Technology in 2020.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Here, we developed a novel absorbent for the sustainable capture of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), which is the blend of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-triethylene glycol di-Me ether (TEGDME)-H₂O. The gravimetric absorption capacity was 0.174 g H₂S/g lower phase at 101.3 kPa and 15°, which was 1.3 times higher than that of widely used aqueous methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solution under the similar condition. In addition, TEGDME was mainly remained in the upper phase, while H₂S, H₂O, and DBU were mainly concentrated in the lower phase. Moreover, only around 44% of the total absorbent needed to be delivered to the stripper for desorption, and other portion of absorbent was directly sent to the absorption tower. Most importantly, this absorption system was demonstrated to be a benign medium for absorbent regeneration through the liquid-phase Claus process. Our results suggested that this DBU-TEGDME-H₂O blend was promising for the sustainable H₂S capture and conversion in industrial applications. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Concentration polarization and metal dendrite initiation in isolated electrolyte microchannels was written by Lee, Youngju;Ma, Bingyuan;Bai, Peng. And the article was included in Energy & Environmental Science in 2020.Name: 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane This article mentions the following:

Lithium metal penetrations through the liquid-electrolyte-wetted porous separator and solid electrolytes are a major safety concern of next-generation rechargeable metal batteries. Penetrations were frequently discovered to occur through only a few isolated channels, as revealed by “black spots” on both sides of the separator or electrolyte, which manifest a highly localized ionic flux or c.d. Predictions of the penetration time have been difficult due to the hidden and unclear dynamics in these penetration channels. Here, using glass capillary cells, we investigate for the first time the unexpectedly sensitive influence of channel geometry on the concentration polarization and dendrite initiation processes. The characteristic time for the complete depletion of salt concentration at the surface of the advancing electrode, i.e. Sand’s time, exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the curvature of the channel walls along the axial direction. While a pos. deviated Sand’s time scaling exponent can be used to infer a converging penetration area through the electrolyte, a neg. deviated scaling exponent suggests that diffusion limitations can be avoided in expanding channels, such that the fast-advancing tip-growing dendrites will not be initiated. The safety design of rechargeable metal batteries will benefit from considering the true local current densities and the conduction structures. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Name: 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Name: 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Effect of Solvent Polarity on Enthalpies of Solvation of Ethylene Oxide Oligomers was written by Barannikov, Vladimir P.;Guseinov, Sabir S.. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data in 2020.Application of 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

The enthalpies of dissolution, Δ_solH_m^{âˆ?/sup>, and solvation, Δ_solvH_mâˆ?/sup>, of ether oligomers CH₃O(CH₂CH₂O)_nCH₃ (n = 1-4) in Et acetate, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile have been determined from calorimetric measurements at 298.15 K. The values of group contributions of repeated ether units and monoether fragment have been compared on the basis of the additive method. The contributions of ether group to Δ_solvH_mâˆ?/sup> for oligomeric and monomeric mols. coincide within their uncertainties for solutions in highly polar solvents, in contrast to non-polar, moderately polar, and H-bonding solvents. The dependence of ether group contributions to Δ_solvH_mâˆ?/sup> on the electron pair acceptance index of solvents E_TN has been considered. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Application of 112-49-2).}

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Application of 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Influence of a crown ether on the spectral properties of triarylmethane dyes in aqueous and micellar environments was written by Gilani, A. Ghanadzadeh;Shekarsaraee, S.;Moghadam, M.. And the article was included in Physical Chemistry Research in 2013.Reference of 66943-05-3 This article mentions the following:

This study demonstrates the spectral data for 2 triarylmethane dyes, malachite green and crystal violet, at room temperature Effects of micellar environment and crown ether addition on the spectral behavior of these dyes are studied using absorption spectroscopic method. The dye-anionic surfactant interactions in micellar media are investigated. The chosen surfactants with different alkyl chain length are SOS, STS, SHS, and SDS. Effect of a crown-ether (i.e. aza-15-crown-5) addition on the absorption spectra and decolorization of the dyes is also studied at room temperature Moreover, effect of crown ether addition on the micellar properties of the media is studied and compared. Spectroscopic anal. shows that the dye decolorization can be accelerated in presence of the crown ether. Conversely, the decolorization process can be inhibited in the micellar media. The nature of decolorization process is interpreted in terms of direct and indirect mechanisms of crown-ether and the dye interactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3Reference of 66943-05-3).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Reference of 66943-05-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Flower-Like Au@CeO₂ Core-Shell Nanospheres as Efficient Photocatalyst for Multicomponent Reaction of Alcohols and Amidines was written by Tang, Lin;Huang, Fei;Xu, Dongping;Zhang, Xinming;Wang, Zhenghua;Zhang, Wu. And the article was included in Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2022.Quality Control of (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Flower-like core-shell nanospheres (Au@CeO₂) were prepared and used as photocatalyst to synthesize 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines through the three-component reaction of primary alcs., secondary alcs. and benzamidine hydrochlorides with low catalyst loading. A synergistic effect of ceria and gold on the photocatalytic transformation was found, which strongly enhanced the yield of pyrimidines from 58% on Au NPs (6 mg, 3 mol%) up to 97% on Au@CeO₂ (6 mg, 0.4 mol%). The catalyst has also been successfully applied to photocatalytic multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of triazine. The Au@CeO₂ catalyst shows high photocatalytic activity, good recyclability and wide applicability to diverse substrates. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Quality Control of (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Quality Control of (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Hydroxytetraphenylenes as Chiral Ligands: Application to Asymmetric Darzens Reaction of Diazoacetamide with Aldehydes was written by Chai, Guo-Li;Han, Jian-Wei;Wong, Henry N. C.. And the article was included in Synthesis in 2017.Application of 56619-93-3 This article mentions the following:

Hydroxytetraphenylenes with rigid conformations are potential candidates for employment as chiral ligands in asym. synthesis. Highly diastereo- and enantioselective Darzens reactions between aldehydes and diazo-N,N-dimethylacetamide are catalyzed by a chiral titanium complex formed in situ from Ti(OⁱPr)₄ and chiral 1,16-dihydroxytetraphenylene, giving cis-glycidic amides in moderate to high yields with excellent enantiomeric purities (40-99% yield, up to 99% ee). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3Application of 56619-93-3).

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Application of 56619-93-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

The effect of polyoxypropylene chain length in nonionic surfactants on their adsorption at the aqueous solution-air interface was written by Sokolowski, A.;Chlebicki, J.. And the article was included in Tenside Detergents in 1982.Reference of 20324-33-8 This article mentions the following:

Surface tension isotherms were determined for alkyl monoethers C_nH_2n+1(OCH₂CH(CH₃))_zOH (n = 1-4; z = 1-7) at the aqueous solution- air interface by the maximum bubble pressure method at 293.2 K. A quant. correlation was found between adsorption free energy and monoether structure for surface tension decrease of â‰?0 × 10^-3 Nm^-1. Interaction of both alkyl and polyoxypropylene chains is statistically significant and affects the adsorption free energy. The CH₂ and P:O group contributions to the free energy of adsorption were calculated for various values of surface tension decrease. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((1-((1-Methoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-ol (cas: 20324-33-8Reference of 20324-33-8).

1-((1-((1-Methoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-ol (cas: 20324-33-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Reference of 20324-33-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem