Month: February 2023

Coenzyme Q₀, a novel quinone derivative of Antrodia camphorata, induces ROS-mediated cytotoxic autophagy and apoptosis against human glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo was written by Yang, Hsin-Ling;Tsai, Chia-Hsuan;Shrestha, Sirjana;Lee, Chuan-Chen;Liao, Jiunn-Wang;Hseu, You-Cheng. And the article was included in Food and Chemical Toxicology in 2021.COA of Formula: C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

Coenzyme Q₀ (CoQ₀, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) derived from Antrodia camphorata exerts anticancer activities against breast, melanoma, and ovarian carcinoma. Glioblastoma multiforme is a common tumor affecting the central nervous system. This study explored anticancer properties of CoQ₀ on human glioblastoma both in vitro and in vivo, and explained the mol. mechanism behind it. CoQ₀ treatment retarded the growth and suppressed colony formation in glioblastoma (U87MG and GBM8401) cells. CoQ₀ induced apoptosis by activation of caspase-3, cleavage of PARP, and dysregulation of Bax and Bcl-2 in both cell lines. Annexin V/PI staining indicated CoQ₀ mediated necrosis and apoptosis. Interestingly, AVOs were increased trough induction of autophagy by CoQ₀, LC3-II accumulation, and p62/SQSTM1 expression, leading to death mechanism. Z-VAD-FMK has no effect on CoQ₀-induced autophagy but autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA)/chloroquine (CQ) led to CoQ0-induced apoptosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited CoQ₀-mediated ROS production and diminished CoQ₀-induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death. Further, CoQ₀ inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. CoQ₀ reduced the tumor burden in U87MG and GBM8401 xenografted athymic nude mice and significantly modulated tumor xenograft by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. CoQ₀ generated ROS-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell death for effective glioblastoma treatment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7COA of Formula: C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.COA of Formula: C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

A mechanistic study on the biosynthetic regulation of bioactive metabolite Antroquinonol from edible and medicinal mushroom Antrodia camphorata was written by Hu, Yong-Dan;Zhang, Bo-Bo;Xu, Gan-Rong;Liao, Xiang-Ru;Cheung, Peter C. K.. And the article was included in Journal of Functional Foods in 2016.Application of 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

Antroquinonol, an important bioactive metabolite from the edible mushroom Antrodia camphorata, was difficult to be synthesized by conventional submerged fermentation The present study revealed the mechanisms related to the stimulatory effect of coenzyme Q₀, camphorwood leach liquor and soybean oil on the biosynthesis of antroquinonol. Addition of coenzyme Q₀ could up-regulate the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, affording Me group for the biosynthesis of antroquinonol. Heat shock proteins and tricarboxylic acid cycle related proteins were found to participate in the biosynthetic pathway. Camphorwood leach liquor could provide the precursor of antroquinonol by acting as donor of quinone nucleus. Soybean oil could increase the permeability of mycelial cell membrane and the extraction efficiency for the intracellular hydrophobic antroquinonol. This study advances our understanding on how stimulatory agents can be used to regulate the biosynthesis of valuable metabolites produced from mushroom mycelia and facilitate the development of submerged fermentation for potential industrial application. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Application of 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Application of 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Selective para-iodination of methoxyarenes, phenols, and anilines with iodine in the presence of poly(4-vinylpyridine)-supported peroxodisulfate was written by Tajik, Hassan;Mohammadpoor-Baltork, Iraj;Rasht-Abadi, Hassan Rafiee. And the article was included in Synthetic Communications in 2004.HPLC of Formula: 75581-11-2 This article mentions the following:

A mild and efficient method for the direct iodination of methoxyarenes, phenols, and anilines using iodine and poly (4-vinylpyridine)-supported peroxodisulfate in acetonitrile solution, is presented. Selective para-substitution and also, the rather general applicability of this system is the advantage of the method. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2HPLC of Formula: 75581-11-2).

4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.HPLC of Formula: 75581-11-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Perovskite LaCo_xMn_1-xO_3-σ with Tunable Defect and Surface Structures as Cathode Catalysts for Li-O₂ Batteries was written by Li, Xudong;Qian, Zhengyi;Han, Guokang;Sun, Baoyu;Zuo, Pengjian;Du, Chunyu;Ma, Yulin;Huo, Hua;Lou, Shuaifeng;Yin, Geping. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2020.Name: 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane This article mentions the following:

Rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries have shown great potential as next-generation sustainable and green energy storage systems. The bifunctional catalyst plays an important role in accelerating the cathode kinetics for practical realization of the batteries. Herein, we employ the surface structure and defect engineering to introduce surface-roughened nanolayers and oxygen vacancies on the mesoporous hollow LaCo_xMn_1-xO_3-σ perovskite catalyst by in situ cation substitution. The exptl. results show that the O₂-electrode with the LaCo_0.75Mn_0.25O_3-σ catalyst exhibits an extremely high discharge capacity of 10,301 mA h g^-1 at 200 mA g^-1 for the initial cycle and superior cycling stability under a capacity limit of 500 mA h g^-1 together with a low voltage gap of 1.12 V. Good electrochem. performance of LaCo_0.75Mn_0.25O_3-σ can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical mesoporous hollow structure and the abundant oxygen vacancies all over the catalyst surface. We reveal that the modified surface structure can provide more accessibility of active sites to promote electrochem. reactions, and the introduced oxygen vacancy can serve as an efficient substrate for binding intermediate products and decomposition reactions of Li₂O₂ during discharge and charge processes. Our methodol. provides meaningful insights into the rational design of highly active perovskite catalysts in energy storage/conversion systems. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Name: 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Name: 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Simultaneous screening for chemically diverse micropollutants in public water bodies in Japan by high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was written by Xie, Li;Nakajima, Fumiyuki;Kasuga, Ikuro;Kurisu, Futoshi. And the article was included in Chemosphere in 2021.Safety of 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane This article mentions the following:

An improved assessment of environmental risks to public water bodies requires screening a large number of micropollutants. This study reports the development of a novel target screening method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE), HPLC, and high-resolution Orbitrap MS for the anal. of micropollutants with diverse chem. properties. First, target compounds were screened for their detectability by Orbitrap MS. An optimized SPE cartridge and HPLC column maximized recovery and separated most target compounds The sensitivity and repeatability of the method was validated by determining the detection limits and relative standard deviation (RSD). Eighty-four compounds with highly diverse properties were simultaneously detected with detection limits of 0.1-100 ng/L. Of these compounds, 52 were quantitated, with R2 �0.99 by linearity anal. and SPE recovery ratios of �0%. The remaining 32 compounds were qual. detected, with R2 < 0.99 or SPE recovery ratio of <50%. Satisfactory repeatability was obtained (RSD < 13.5%). This method was applied to the surveillance of the Arakawa River in Japan in 2019. Thirty-two compounds, including pesticides, surfactants, plasticizers, adhesives, and industrial solvents, were detected in the river. The measured concentrations of 13 compounds were compared with their predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs). Decanoic acid showed a higher concentration than the corresponding PNEC value, suggesting that its risk to the Arakawa water environment required further evaluation. The concentrations of dicyclohexylamine, 1,3-diphenylguanidine, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were higher than their corresponding PNEC/10 values, demonstrating that these compounds were of higher priority than other compounds In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Safety of 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Safety of 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Comparison of LiTDI and LiPDI salts and influence of their perfluoroalkyl side-chain on association and electrochemical properties in triglyme was written by Broszkiewicz, Marek;Zalewska, Aldona;Niedzicki, Leszek. And the article was included in Ionics in 2019.HPLC of Formula: 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

For the first time, the effect of minor structural changes to the electrolyte salt on solution properties is investigated exptl. It was achieved by decomposition of the overall changes into individual components. It allowed to obtain information on the contradicting effects influence on the final result. This study is focused on comparison of two lithium salts: lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl) imidazolide (LiTDI) and lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(pentafluoroethyl) imidazolide (LiPDI). LiTDI is a very promising salt for lithium-ion battery application. PDI^– anion differs from TDI^– only in length of perfluorinated alkyl chain. Triethylene glycol di-Me ether (triglyme) solutions of both salts in a wide range of concentrations were prepared Triglyme was chosen as a solvent due to number of oxygen atoms which allows for fulfilment of lithium cation coordination sphere. Use of such similar salts in a model system allows us to find the correlation between salt structure and properties of electrolyte. Conductivity, viscosity, lithium transference number, thermal properties and FTIR spectra were measured for all solutions Ionic fractions were also estimated by Fuoss-Kraus formalism. Obtained results showed that electrochem. properties of electrolyte are result of several opposing factors. Transference numbers are mostly dependent on association We have also observed interesting correlation between thermal properties and conductivity In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2HPLC of Formula: 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.HPLC of Formula: 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthesis of novel polyethers with abundant reactive sites and diverse skeletons based on the ring-opening reaction of D-A cyclopropanes was written by Wu, Shuai;Li, Jun-Fang;Sun, Xiu-Li;Wang, Xiao-Yan;Tang, Yong. And the article was included in Polymer Chemistry in 2020.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Based on the ring-opening reaction of D-A cyclopropanes, a facile synthesis of novel polyethers is developed with mol. weights up to 17.7 kg mol^-1. The resulting polymers possess diverse skeletons and abundant reactive gem-diester groups, which could be conveniently transformed into polyethers with a novel topol. or bearing carboxylic acid groups. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Tetramethyleneethane Equivalents: Recursive Reagents for Serialized Cycloadditions was written by Wender, Paul A.;Jeffreys, Matthew S.;Raub, Andrew G.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2015.Safety of 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne This article mentions the following:

New reactions and reagents that allow for multiple bond-forming events per synthetic operation are required to achieve structural complexity and thus value with step-, time-, cost-, and waste-economy. Here we report a new class of reagents that function like tetramethyleneethane (TME), allowing for back-to-back [4 + 2] cycloadditions, thereby amplifying the complexity-increasing benefits of Diels-Alder and metal-catalyzed cycloadditions The parent recursive reagent, 2,3-dimethylene-4-trimethylsilylbutan-1-ol (DMTB), is readily available from the metathesis of ethylene and THP-protected 4-trimethylsilylbutyn-1-ol. DMTB and related reagents engage diverse dienophiles in an initial Diels-Alder or metal-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition, triggering a subsequent vinylogous Peterson elimination that recursively generates a new diene for a second cycloaddition Overall, this multicomponent catalytic cascade produces in one operation carbo- and heterobicyclic building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of natural products, therapeutic leads, imaging agents, and materials. Its application to the three step synthesis of a new solvatochromic fluorophore, N-ethyl(6-N,N-dimethylaminoanthracene-2,3-dicarboximide) (6-DMA), and the photophys. characterization of this fluorophore are described. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Safety of 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Safety of 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

The volume properties of selected glymes in N,N-dimethylformamide + water mixtures. The hydrophobic hydration process of glymes was written by Komudzinska, Marlena;Jozwiak, Malgorzata;Tyczynska, Magdalena;Burakowski, Andrzej;Glinski, Jacek. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2022.Reference of 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

This paper presents the d. of selected glymes (monoglyme, diglyme, triglyme and tetraglyme) in N,N-dimethylformamide + water mixtures at four temperatures: 293.15 K, 298.15 K, 303.15 K and 308.15 K. The d. data were used to calculate the apparent molar volumes (VΦ,m) and limiting apparent molar volumes (V0Φ,m = V0m), as well as the limiting molar expansion volume coefficient E0p,m. Changes in the obtained values of the physicochem. parameters, as functions of composition and temperature, were analyzed in terms of the mol. interactions and structural differentiation of the investigated systems. The process of hydrophobic hydration of the studied glymes is visible in the area of high water content in the mixture In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Reference of 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Reference of 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Methyl allyl ether formation in plants: novel S-adenosyl L-methionine:coniferyl alcohol 9-O-methyltransferase from suspension cultures of three Linum species was written by Berim, Anna;Schneider, Bernd;Petersen, Maike. And the article was included in Plant Molecular Biology in 2007.Product Details of 3929-47-3 This article mentions the following:

A novel 41 kDa methyltransferase displaying high regiospecificity towards the allylic hydroxyl moiety of coniferyl alc. was cloned from suspension cultures of Linum nodiflorum L. and expressed in E. coli. The apparent K_m for coniferyl alc. is 7.23 μM with a V_max of 707.5 pkat mg^-1 protein at 30°, whereas the K_m for the co-substrate S-adenosyl-l-methionine is 18.5 μM. Structure-function relationship studies revealed stringent structure requirements. Even minor substructure deviations as the side-chain saturation or changes in the Ph ring substitution result in activities decreased by 75-90%. Crotyl and allyl alcs. are not substrates, confirming that the aromatic ring itself is indispensable, and solely the derivatives with a C₃ side-chain are accepted. The enzyme shares only similarities under 46% on amino acid level with other known methyltransferases. The designated reaction product, coniferyl alc. 9-Me ether, could be detected in suspension cells. The highest content of up to 0.02% of the dry mass is concurrent with an increase of the specific enzyme activity that reaches its maximum of 3.94 pkat mg^-1 on day 6 of the culture period. Transcript levels estimated by semi-quant. RT-PCR remain constant until day 6 and recede thereafter. The corresponding methyltransferase from Linum flavum L. differs mainly by one short variable fragment. Biochem. characterization revealed a higher catalytic efficiency and a slightly broader substrate plasticity together with a lower sensitivity to the presence of Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺. This is to our knowledge the first report of a regiospecific allylic O-methylation of phenylpropanoids in plants. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Product Details of 3929-47-3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Product Details of 3929-47-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem