Month: January 2023

Synthesis of 3-[3-chloro-4-hydroxy-2(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-azetidene-1-yl]-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-imidazol-4-one as possible antimicrobial agents was written by Srivastava, B. B. L.. And the article was included in International Journal of ChemTech Research in 2013.Computed Properties of C8H8O3 This article mentions the following:

A series of 3-[3-chloro-4-hydroxy-2(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-azetidene-1-yl]-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-imidazol-4-one was synthesized. All these compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity against three microorganism Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8Computed Properties of C8H8O3).

3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Computed Properties of C8H8O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

The Interaction of Glymes with Surfactant Micelles was written by Petropolis, Nicholas P.;Petropolis, Harrison M.;MacNeil, Nicole E.;Doucet, Taylor M.;Marangoni, D. Gerrard. And the article was included in Journal of Surfactants and Detergents in 2021.Formula: C8H18O4 This article mentions the following:

The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) values and counterion dissociation (α values) have been determined for a number of mixed micellar systems consisting of two typical ionic surfactants and glycol ethers (glymes) as cosurfactants, namely diethylene glycol di-Me ether, diethylene glycol di-Et ether, triethylene glycol di-Me ether, and tetraethylene glycol di-Me ether. Conductance experiments were used to determine the CMC and α values of the mixed micelles as a function of glyme concentration in the aqueous mixed solvent. Favorable interactions between sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles and glyme cosurfactants were deduced from the decreases in the CMC values and the large increase in the α values of these systems as a function of increasing glyme concentration in the mixed solvents. In contrast to the anionic surfactant/glyme systems, in general, there appeared to be little favorable interactions between the surfactant and glymes when micelles of the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide were formed in water/glyme solvent systems containing an increasing amount of the glymes. The interaction of glymes with the surfactant micelles was examined closely via ¹³C NMR (NMR) chem. shifts for both surfactant and glyme carbons; these chem. shifts changes were interpreted in terms of the distribution and the localization of the glymes in the aggregates. Finally, partition constants, determined from two-dimensional diffusion-oriented spectroscopy (2D-DOSY) experiments, were used to calculate thermodn. quantities of transfer of the glymes between the bulk phase and the self-assembled aggregates. All these results are interpreted in terms of the key contributions that both the glyme ethoxylated groups and alkyl endgroups make to the hydrophobic interactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Formula: C8H18O4).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Formula: C8H18O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

The influence of nitro groups on the reactivity of substituents in the benzene nucleus. II. The dinitrotoluenes was written by Kenner, James;Parkin, Michael. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions in 1920.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole This article mentions the following:

The dinitrotoluenes used were prepared according to the directions of Meisenheimer and Hesse (C. A. 14, 52). 2,3-Dinitrotoluene (A) heated for 9 hrs. on a water bath with NaOMe gave a dark oil, 2,6-Me(O₂N)C₆H₃OMe, b₂₄ 140°, leaving a small tarry residue. [3,2-Me(O₂N)C₆H₃]₂N₂O was also produced in small amount and separated from alc. in diamond-shaped prisms, m. 144°. A was unaffected by treatment on a water bath with 2.5 N NH₃ in MeOH. The mixture was then heated under pressure for 15 hrs. at 150-60°, leaving a residue, m. 97°, corresponding to 3-nitro-o-toluidine. H₂S passed for 3 hrs. through a boiling solution of A in alc. to which NH₃ had been added gave yellow prisms from C₆H₆, m. 150°, of dinitroditolyl sulfide, most probably the 2,2′,6,6′-isomeride. The more readily soluble product, after recrystallization from C₆H₆, m. 54°, but it is uncertain whether it is the 2-nitro-m-toluidine as prepared by Limpricht (Ber. 18, 1452 (1885)), as it was not acetylated under ordinary conditions. SnCl₂ and HCl in absolute alc. was dropped into A in cold alc. The solution was extracted with ether and the residue after evaporation treated with light petroleum. The soluble portion consisted of unchanged A and the residue separated from ether and light petroleum in long, stout, deep red prisms of dinitroazotoluene, m. 106° probably the 2,2′,3,3′-isomeride. NaOMe acting on 3,4-dinitrotoluene (B) gave 3,6-Me(O₂N)C₆H₃OMe and possibly some of the 4,2-isomer. Alc. NH₃ and B heated for 6 hrs. at 150° gave pure 4-nitro-m-toluidine, m. 109°, and a mixture of the latter with 3-nitro-p-toluidine. 2,5-Cl(O₂N)-C₆H₃Me and NaOMe interact to give 2,4-Me(O₂N)C₆H₃OMe in long, radiating needles from light petroleum, m. 63°. NaOMe acting on 2,5-dinitrotoluene gave 3,4-Me-(O₂N)C₆H₃OMe, m. 55°. 6-Nitro-m-toluidine was prepared by nitrating m-toluidine after the method of Noelting and Stoecklin (Ber. 24, 564(1891)). It m. 133° rather than 138° as given by N. and S. Its Ac derivative crystallines from dilute alc. in small prisms, m. 104°, and is easily hydrolyzed by concentrated HCl. 2,5-O₂N(ON)C₆H₃Me, prepared by shaking 6-nitro-m-toluidine with Caro’s acid from K₂S₂O₈ and H₂SO₄, for 16 hrs., crystals from alc., m. 113°. Fuming HNO₃ easily oxidizes it to 2,5-dinitrotoluene. The latter treated with alc. NH₃ at 150° for 15 hrs. gave 5-nitro-o-toluidine. K. and P. attempt to explain the influence of NO₂ groups on the various substituents in the C₆H₆ nucleus from their exptl. data. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Safety of 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Dipeptide-type inhibitors targeting plasmepsins from Plasmodium falciparum was written by Kiso, Aiko;Hidaka, Koushi;Tsuchiya, Yumi;Kimura, Tooru;Hayashi, Yoshio;Nezami, Azin;Liu, Jun;Goldberg, Daniel E.;Freire, Ernesto;Kiso, Yoshiaki. And the article was included in Peptide Science in 2003.Recommanded Product: 1877-75-4 This article mentions the following:

A symposium report. A series of dipeptide-type inhibitors containing allophenylnorstatine-dimethylthioproline scaffold against malarial aspartic protease plasmepsin II (Plm II) was synthesized. Among these compounds, KNI-10006 which has aminoindanol at the P2′ position was found to inhibit Plm II with a K_i value of 0.5 nM. From a SAR study, it is concluded that both the hydroxyl group and the indan structure of the aminoindanol of KNI-10006 are important for its tight binding. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Recommanded Product: 1877-75-4).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Recommanded Product: 1877-75-4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ligand-controlled iridium-catalyzed semihydrogenation of alkynes with ethanol: highly stereoselective synthesis of E- and Z-alkenes was written by Yang, Jinfei;Wang, Chengniu;Sun, Yufeng;Man, Xuyan;Li, Jinxia;Sun, Fei. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom).Recommanded Product: 1-Methoxy-4-((4-propylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene This article mentions the following:

A ligand-controlled iridium-catalyzed semihydrogenation of alkynes to E- and Z-alkenes with ethanol was developed. Effective selectivity control was achieved by ligand regulation. The use of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) was critical for the stereoselective semihydrogenation of alkynes. The general applicability of this procedure was highlighted by the synthesis of more than 40 alkenes, with good stereoselectivities. The value of our approach in practical applications was investigated by studying the effects of pinosylvin and 4,4′-dihydroxystilbene (DHS) on zebrafish as a vertebrate model. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Methoxy-4-((4-propylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene (cas: 39969-26-1Recommanded Product: 1-Methoxy-4-((4-propylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene).

1-Methoxy-4-((4-propylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene (cas: 39969-26-1) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Recommanded Product: 1-Methoxy-4-((4-propylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Electrochemical chlorination and bromination of electron-deficient C-H bonds in quinones, coumarins, quinoxalines and 1,3-diketones was written by Yu, Dan;Ji, Ruixue;Sun, Zhihui;Li, Wenjie;Liu, Zhong-Quan. And the article was included in Tetrahedron Letters in 2021.Safety of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione This article mentions the following:

The electrochem.-promoted chlorination and bromination of electron-deficient C-H bonds was developed, using quinones, coumarins, quinoxalines and 1,3-diketones. This protocol features readily available and safe halogen sources (hydrochloric acid and KBr), high site-selectivity and mild reaction conditions. It could provide an efficient access to a series of chlorinated and brominated quinones, coumarins, quinoxalines and 1,3-diketones. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Safety of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Safety of 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Analogs of the cyclic hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA): decomposition to benzoxazolinones and reaction with β-mercaptoethanol was written by Atkinson, Jeffrey;Morand, Peter;Arnason, John T.;Niemeyer, Hermann M.;Bravo, Hector R.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1991.Name: 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole This article mentions the following:

Analogs I (R = OH, OMe, H; R¹ = OH, H; R² = H, 5-Me, 6-OMe, 8-OMe; R³ = OMe, CMe₃, Me, H, Cl, F, CO₂Me, CO₂Et, NO₂, CF₃, cyano; R²R³ = 6,7-OCH₂O) of the aglycons of naturally occurring cyclic hydroxamic acids from Gramineae (Poaceae) have been synthesized by the reductive cyclization of the α-(O-nitrophenoxy)-α-methoxyacetates II, followed by demethylation of the C-2 methoxy group. A structure-activity series was produced, i.e., I (R = R¹ = OH, R² = H, R³ = OMe, CMe₃, Me, H, Cl, F, CO₂Me). The pK_a values for the hydroxamic acid and the phenol moieties were determined for each member of this series. They correlated well with σ in a linear free energy relationship (LFER) yielding values of ρ = 0.71 (with σ_p) for pK_a1 (the hydroxamic acid) and ρ = 1.6 (with σ_m) for pK_a2 (the phenol). A LFER also existed between the rate constants for the unimol. decomposition of these hydroxamic acids to benzoxazolinones and σ⁺ (ρ = -1.1). The rates of hydroxamic acid reduction to lactams by β-mercaptoethanol were also investigated. Only I (R = R¹ = OH; R² = H, 6-OMe, 8-OMe, R³ = OMe; R²R³ = 6,7-OCH₂O) had measurable rates of reduction ¹H NMR spectra recorded during this reaction in D₂O buffers (pD 9), however, showed that I (R = R¹ = OH, R² = H, R³ = OMe, CMe₃, Me, H, Cl) formed a hemithioacetal at C-2 even though only I (R = R¹ = OH, R² = H, R³ = OMe) has a measurable rate of reduction by the same thiol. The remarkable rate enhancement provided by an oxa functionality suggests that reduction occurs by direct attack of thiolate on the hydroxamic N of a resonance-stabilized ion pair. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Name: 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Name: 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Preparation, Single-Molecule Manipulation, and Energy Transfer Investigation of a Polyfluorene-graft-DNA polymer was written by Madsen, Mikael;Christensen, Rasmus S.;Krissanaprasit, Abhichart;Bakke, Mette R.;Riber, Camilla F.;Nielsen, Karina S.;Zelikin, Alexander N.;Gothelf, Kurt V.. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2017.Name: 2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

Conjugated polymers have been intensively studied due to their unique optical and electronic properties combined with their phys. flexibility and scalable bottom up synthesis. Although the bulk qualities of conjugated polymers have been extensively utilized in research and industry, the ability to handle and manipulate conjugated polymers at the nanoscale lacks significantly behind. Here, the toolbox for controlled manipulation of conjugated polymers was expanded through the synthesis of a polyfluorene-DNA graft-type polymer (poly(F-DNA)). The polymer possesses the characteristics associated with the conjugated polyfluorene backbone, but the protruding single-stranded DNA provides the material with an exceptional addressability. This study demonstrates controlled single-mol. patterning of poly(F-DNA), as well as energy transfer between two different polymer-DNA conjugates. Finally, highly efficient DNA-directed quenching of polyfluorene fluorescence was shown. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6Name: 2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol).

2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Name: 2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Nickel-catalyzed denitrative etherification of activated nitrobenzenes was written by Zamiran, Fatemeh;Ghaderi, Arash. And the article was included in Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society in 2019.Application In Synthesis of 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone This article mentions the following:

Electron-deficient nitrobenzenes RC₆H₄NO₂ [R = 4-CHO, 4-CN, 4-C(O)CH₃, 2-CHO] were coupled with phenols/alcs. R¹OH (R¹ = Ph, CH₃(CH₂)₃, naphth-2-yl, etc.) to form diaryl/alkyl aryl ethers RC₆H₄OR¹ with the aid of NiCl₂ as the catalyst. The reactions were conducted under ligand- and oxidant-free conditions without the exclusion of air or moisture. The initial studies on the mechanism of the reaction revealed two solvent-dependent approaches. In molten TBAB, the S_NAr mechanism seems to predominate; while, in DMF, the reaction might include the radical species. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8Application In Synthesis of 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone).

1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Application In Synthesis of 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Recyclable Copper Catalyst for meta-Selective carbon-hydrogen bond arylation was written by Lee, Eun-Young;Park, Jai-Wook. And the article was included in ChemCatChem in 2011.Application of 56619-93-3 This article mentions the following:

A heterogeneous copper catalyst which is composed of metal nanoparticles entrapped in aluminum (oxy)hydroxide nanofibers [i.e., copper nanoparticles supported on aluminum hydroxide oxide AlO(OH) nanofibers] was recently reported. Using the above-mentioned supported recyclable catalyst (green chem. method) the synthesis of the target compounds was achieved by a reaction of diphenyliodonium triflate with anilide derivatives and furthermore, a phenylation of 1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1-propanone gave 1-(2,3-dihydro-6-phenyl-1H-indol-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1-propanone. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3Application of 56619-93-3).

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Application of 56619-93-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem