Month: December 2022

Antitumor properties of Coenzyme Q₀ against human ovarian carcinoma cells via induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy was written by Hseu, You-Cheng;Tsai, Tai-Jung;Korivi, Mallikarjuna;Liu, Jer-Yuh;Chen, Hui-Jye;Lin, Chung-Ming;Shen, Yi-Chun;Yang, Hsin-Ling. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2017.Computed Properties of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

Coenzyme Q₀ (CoQ₀, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) has been reported to exert anticancer properties against human breast/lung cancer cells. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties of CoQ₀ on human ovarian carcinoma (SKOV-3) cells and xenografted nude mice, and revealed the underlying mol. mechanism. CoQ₀ induced G₂/M arrest through downregulation of cyclin B1/A and CDK1/K2 expressions. CoQ₀-induced autophagy as a survival mechanism was evidenced by increased accumulation of LC3-II, GFP-LC3 puncta, AVOs formation and Beclin-1/Bcl-2 dysregulation. Increased TUNEL-pos. cells and Annexin-V/PI stained cells indicated CoQ₀-induced late apoptosis. Both mitochondrial (caspase-3, PARP and Bax/Bcl-2 dysregulation) and ER stress (caspase-12 and Hsp70) signals are involved in execution of apoptosis. Interestingly, CoQ₀-induced apoptosis/autophagy is associated with suppression of HER-2/neu and PI₃K/AKT signalling cascades. CoQ₀ triggered intracellular ROS production, whereas antioxidant N-acetylcysteine prevented CoQ₀-induced apoptosis, but not autophagy. Inhibition of apoptosis by Z-VAD-FMK suppressed CoQ₀-induced autophagy (diminished LC3-II/AVOs), indicates CoQ₀-induced apoptosis led to evoke autophagy. Contrary, inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA/CQ potentiated CoQ₀-induced apoptosis (increased DNA fragmentation/PARP cleavage). Furthermore, CoQ₀ treatment to SKOV-3 xenografted nude mice reduced tumor incidence and burden. Histopathol. analyses confirmed that CoQ₀ modulated xenografted tumor progression by apoptosis induction. Our findings emphasize that CoQ₀ triggered ROS-mediated apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Computed Properties of C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Computed Properties of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Hydrogen-bond super-amphiphile based drug delivery system: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation was written by Chen, Jiali;Huang, Haolong;Lu, Ruilin;Wan, Xiaohui;Yao, Yongchao;Yang, Tian;Li, Pengfei;Ning, Ning;Zhang, Shiyong. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2022.Recommanded Product: 111-77-3 This article mentions the following:

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) show great application prospects in tumor therapy. So far, phys. encapsulation and covalent grafting were the two most common strategies for the construction of DDSs. However, phys. encapsulation-based DDSs usually suffered from low drug loading capacity and poor stability, and covalent grafting-based DDSs might reduce the activity of original drug, which greatly limited their clin. application. Therefore, it is of great research value to design a new DDS with high drug loading capacity, robust stability, and original drug activity. Herein, we report a super-amphiphile based drug delivery system (HBS-DDS) through self-assembly induced by hydrogen bonds between amino-substituted N-heterocycles of the 1,3,5-triazines and hydrophilic carmofur (HCFU). The resulting HBS-DDS had a high drug loading capacity (38.1%) and robust stability. In addition, the drug delivery system exhibited pH-triggered size change and release of drugs because of the pH responsiveness of hydrogen bonds. In particular, the anticancer ability test showed that the HBS-DDS could be efficiently ingested by tumor cells, and its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 3.53μg mL-1) for HeLa cells was close to that of free HCFU (IC50 = 5.54μg mL-1). The hydrogen bond-based DDS represents a potential drug delivery system in tumor therapy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Recommanded Product: 111-77-3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Recommanded Product: 111-77-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Influence of aza-15-crown-5 with nootropic activity on protein metabolism in various regions of rat brain and blood was written by Karaseva, T. L.;Zapenko, G. N.;Basok, S. S.;Kulygina, K. Yu.;Luk’yanenko, N. G.. And the article was included in Ukrainica Bioorganica Acta in 2010.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The influence of crown-ether (CE), possessing nootropic activity on the protein metabolism in various structures of mice brain and rats blood in comparison with piracetam were studied. It was found, that CE was able to increase the protein content, activate the synthesis of total protein and its fractions in different regions of brain. The distinct inclusion of ³H-leucine and ³⁵S-methionine in total content of blood proteins were found. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Structure of a dihydroquinaldine dimer from electrolytic reduction was written by Elliott, I. W. Jr.;McCaskill, E. S.;Robertson, M. S.;Kirksey, C. H.. And the article was included in Tetrahedron Letters in 1962.Name: 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid This article mentions the following:

Quinaldine in 10% alc. KOH reduced at a Hg cathode at 8 v. and current density 5.3 amp./sq. cm. for 4 hrs. at 15° (the cathode stirred magnetically and the anode compartment separated by a porous thimble) and the product isolated according to Levchenko (CA 43, 955g) gave I (a dihydroquinaldine dimer), C₂₀H₂₀N₂, m. 138-40°, mol. weight 330 (Rast); diperchlorate, C₂₀H₂₂Cl₂O₈.0.5 H₂O, m. 220-1°, spectra indicating enamine-iminium changes (Witkop, CA 50, 14595i). Details of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, consistent with the given structure were tabulated. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8Name: 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid).

3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Name: 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Structural effects on the OH^–-promoted fragmentation of methoxy-substituted 1-arylalkanol radical cations in aqueous solution: the role of oxygen acidity was written by Baciocchi, Enrico;Bietti, Massimo;Gerini, Maria Francesca;Manduchi, Laura;Salamone, Michela;Steenken, Steen. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2001.Recommanded Product: 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

A kinetic and product study of the OH^–-induced decay in H₂O of the radical cations generated from some di- and tri-methoxy-substituted 1-arylalkanols [ArCH(OH)R^·+] and 2- and 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)alkanols has been carried out by using pulse- and γ-radiolysis techniques. In the 1-arylalkanol system, the radical cation 3,4-(MeO)₂C₆H₃CH₂-OH^·+ decay at a rate more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of its Me ether; this indicates the key role of the side-chain OH group in the decay process (oxygen acidity). However, quite a large deuterium kinetic isotope effect (3.7) is present for this radical cation compared with its α-dideuterated counterpart. A mechanism is suggested in which a fast OH deprotonation leads to a radical zwitterion which then undergoes a rate-determining 1,2-H shift, coupled to a side-chain-to-ring intramol. electron transfer (ET) step. This concept also attributes an important role to the energy barrier for this ET, which should depend on the stability of the pos. charge in the ring and, hence, on the number and position of methoxy groups. On a similar exptl. basis, the same mechanism is suggested for 2,5-(MeO)₂C₆H₃CH₂OH^·+ as for 3,4-(MeO)₂C₆H₃CH₂OH^·+, in which some contribution from direct C-H deprotonation (carbon acidity) is possible. In fact, the latter process dominates the decay of the trimethoxylated system 2,4,5-(MeO)₃C₆H₂CH₂-OH^·+, which, accordingly, reacts with OH^– at the same rate as that of its Me ether. Thus, a shift from oxygen to carbon acidity is observed as the pos. charge is increasingly stabilized in the ring; this is attributed to a corresponding increase in the energy barrier for the intramol. ET. When R = tBu, the OH^–-promoted decay of the radical cation ArCH(OH)R^·+ leads to products of C-C bond cleavage. With both Ar = 3,4- and 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl the reactivity is three orders of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding cumyl alc. radical cations; this suggests a mechanism in which a key role is played by the oxygen acidity as well as by the strength of the scissile C-C bond: a radical zwitterion is formed which undergoes a rate-determining C-C bond cleavage, coupled with the intramol. ET. Finally, oxygen acidity also determines the reactivity of the radical cations of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol and 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanol. In the former the decay involves C-C bond cleavage, in the latter it leads to 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanal. In both cases no products of C-H deprotonation were observed Possible mechanisms, again involving the initial formation of a radical zwitterion, are discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Recommanded Product: 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Recommanded Product: 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

N-Hydroxyphthalimide-catalyzed chemoselective intermolecular benzylic C-H amination of unprotected arylalkanols was written by Shibuya, Masatoshi;Orihashi, Takayuki;Li, Yamei;Yamamoto, Yoshihiko. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2021.Application In Synthesis of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

N-Hydroxyphthalimide-catalyzed chemoselective benzylic C(sp³)-H amination of unprotected arylalkanols using bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)azodicarboxylate were developed. The use of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol as a solvent played a critical role in chemoselectivity. The conversion of an aminated product to the corresponding free amino alc. was also demonstrated. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Application In Synthesis of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Application In Synthesis of 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthesis of aryloxyacetic acids using tributylethylammonium ethylsulfate as phase transfer catalyst was written by Li, Yiqun. And the article was included in Huaxue Shiji in 2000.SDS of cas: 1877-75-4 This article mentions the following:

Title compounds ArOCH₂CO₂H (Ar = 4-CH₃OC₆H₄, 4-CH₃C₆H₄, 2-CH₃C₆H₄, 3-CH₃C₆H₄, C₆H₅, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-ClC₆H₄, 2,4-Cl₂C₆H₃) were prepared in CH₃CN in the presence of phase transfer catalyst (Bu₃(Et)NSO₄Et) by reflux. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4SDS of cas: 1877-75-4).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.SDS of cas: 1877-75-4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Catalyst-Free α-Alkylation-α-Hydroxylation of Oxindole with Alcohols was written by Wu, Siwei;Song, Wei;Zhu, Runyu;Hu, Jingwen;Zhao, Lin;Li, Zheyao;Yu, Xinhong;Xia, Chengcai;Zhao, Jianhong. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2022.Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

A green and economical protocol for the synthesis of 3-alkyl-3-hydroxyoxindoles I [R¹ = H, 6-Cl, 6-Br, etc.; R² = Ph, 2-ClC₆H₄, 2-pyridyl, etc.] was developed for the first time via α-alkylation-α-hydroxylation of oxindole with aryl alcs. without using any transition-metal catalysts in yields of 29-93%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Enhanced DNA Binding New Lipopolythioureas was written by Leblond, Jeanne;Mignet, Nathalie;Leseurre, Lucie;Largeau, Celine;Bessodes, Michel;Scherman, Daniel;Herscovici, Jean. And the article was included in Bioconjugate Chemistry in 2006.Related Products of 60221-37-6 This article mentions the following:

Nonviral gene delivery is limited to a large extent by the cationic nature of most of the chem. vector. We have shown that lipopolythioureas interact with DNA. However, lipopolythioureas were not very efficient at transfecting cells, probably due to reduced interaction between the noncationic synthetic lipid and the cell membrane. Here, we report that liposomes made from a new thiourea lipid, DPPC, and a lipid bearing an RGD ligand allowed very efficient entry of the lipopolythioureas into integrin α_vβ₃ expressing cells. In addition, we show that a stable interaction between DNA and lipopolythiourea could be obtain with two thiourea groups. Moreover, the addition of a hydrophilic terminus improves the formulation of these new DNA binding agents. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6Related Products of 60221-37-6).

2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Related Products of 60221-37-6

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Utilization of wood industrial wastes for production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals was written by Shams, Alaa E.;Soliman, Amal F.;Ashour, Ahmed;Marzouk, Amani M.;Elsharkawy, Saleh H.. And the article was included in Indian Journal of Science and Technology in 2020.Recommanded Product: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde This article mentions the following:

Objectives: This study aims to isolate and identify valuable chems. and pharmaceuticals from the waste of wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) industry and to determine their biol. value. Methods: Chromatog. technique was used to isolate compounds from the waste. The chem. identity of the isolated compounds were evidenced by different spectroscopic analyses as well as comparative studies of reported data. The microbial transformed product of pinosylvin mono Me ether was quant. determined using fluorimetric method. All the isolated compounds were tested for their antitoxoplasmosis activity (in vitro) against Toxoplasma gondii. Findings/ Novelty: Nine compounds were isolated and identified including three diterpenes : (1β-hydroxy dehydroabietic acid, 15-hydroxy dehydroabietic acid and Methyl-15-hydroxy dehydroabiet-18-ate) ; two aromatic aldehydes (coniferaldhyde and 3-hydroxy, 5-methoxy benzaldhyde) ; two stilbene derivatives; (Pinosylvin and Pinosylvin mono Me ether) ; a flavan: (Pinocembrin) and a phytosterol (β-sitosterol). For the first time, the fluorimetric method was used for quant. determination of the novel metabolite produced, E-Pinosylvin mono Me ether 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, from the microbial biotransformation technique. All isolated compounds showed variable antitoxopasmosis activity, carried out for the first time, against T. gondii according to their % mortality and recorded EC50. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8Recommanded Product: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde).

3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Recommanded Product: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem