Month: December 2022

Cobalt-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition copolymerization of diyne and internal alkyne monomers to highly branched polymers was written by Kikuta, Nana;Shindo, Takahiro;Sugiyama, Yu-ki;Yamada, Takeshi;Okamoto, Sentaro. And the article was included in Polymer in 2021.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

A novel synthetic method for hyperbranched polymers is reported. A cobalt catalyst previously developed in our group promotes the catalytic alkyne [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition polymerization of aromatic diynes with internal alkynes, which proceeds without gelation or production of insoluble materials to give the corresponding soluble polymer in good yields. The method is reproducible, and the polymerization behavior can readily be predicted by the results of model reactions. Thus, the mol. weight and a degree of branching (DB) of the resulting polymer can be controlled by selecting the internal alkyne monomer and its loading amount The occurrence of effective endcapping reaction was confirmed by degradation of the polymer derived from a diyne bearing a silyl ether linker, and a high DB of more than 0.5 was obtained. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Annulation toward the Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Chiral Indenols was written by Gu, Chang-Xue;Chen, Wen-Wen;Xu, Ming-Hua. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

An enantioselective asym. annulation of 2-formylboronic acids with internal alkynes has been realized using a chiral phosphinooxazoline/palladium(II) catalyst. The reaction tolerates a variety of alkynes including the relatively inert diaryl substituted internal ones. A wide range of optically active 2,3-disubstituted indenols was afforded in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield and 99% ee). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel gigantol derivatives as potential agents in prevention of diabetic cataract was written by Wu, Jie;Lu, Chuanjun;Li, Xue;Fang, Hua;Wan, Wencheng;Yang, Qiaohong;Sun, Xiaosheng;Wang, Meiling;Hu, Xiaohong;Chen, C.-Y. Oliver;Wei, Xiaoyong. And the article was included in PLoS One in 2015.Name: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde This article mentions the following:

As a continuation of our efforts directed towards the development of natural anti-diabetic cataract agents, gigantol was isolated from Herba dendrobii and was found to inhibit both aldose reductase (AR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, which play a significant role in the development and progression of diabetic cataracts. To improve its bioefficacy and facilitate use as a therapeutic agent, gigantol (compound 14f) and a series of novel analogs were designed and synthesized. Analogs were formulated to have different substituents on the Ph ring (compounds 4, 5, 8, 14a-e), substitute the Ph ring with a larger steric hindrance ring (compounds 10, 17c) or modify the carbon chain (compounds 17a, 17b, 21, 23, 25). All of the analogs were tested for their effect on AR and iNOS activities and on D-galactose-induced apoptosis in cultured human lens epithelial cells. Compounds 5, 10, 14a, 14b, 14d, 14e, 14f, 17b, 17c, 23, and 25 inhibited AR activity, with IC50 values ranging from 5.02 to 288.8 μM. Compounds 5, 10, 14b, and 14f inhibited iNOS activity with IC50 ranging from 432.6 to 1188.7 μM. Compounds 5, 8, 10, 14b, 14f, and 17c protected the cells from D-galactose induced apoptosis with viability ranging from 55.2 to 76.26%. Of gigantol and its analogs, compound 10 showed the greatest bioefficacy and is warranted to be developed as a therapeutic agent for diabetic cataracts. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8Name: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde).

3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 57179-35-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Name: 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Activity and stability of uricase from Lactobacillus plantarum immobilized on natural zeolite for uric acid biosensor was written by Iswantini, Dyah;Nurhidayat, Novik;Trivadila;Widiyatmoko, Okik. And the article was included in Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences in 2014.Related Products of 605-94-7 This article mentions the following:

Determination of uric acid concentration in human urine and blood is needed to diagnose several diseases, especially the occurrence of kidney disease in gout patients. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple and inexpensive method for uric acid detection. The purpose of the research was to observe the use of Indonesian microbe that was immobilized on natural zeolite as a source of uricase for uric acid biosensor. Selection of mediators and determination of optimum condition measurement, the stability and kinetic properties of L. plantarum uricase were performed using carbon paste electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to investigate the catalytic behavior of the biosensor. The result indicated that the best mediator for measurement of L. plantarum uricase activity was Qo (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4 benzoquinone). Optimum conditions for immobilization of L. plantarum uricase on zeolite were obtained at pH 7.6, with temperature of 28°C, using uric acid concentration of 0.015 mM and zeolite mass at 135 mg K_M and V_Max of L. plantarum uricase obtained from Lineweaver-burk equation for the immobilization uricase on zeolite were 8.6728 × 10^-4 mM and 6.3052 mM, resp. K_M value of L. plantarum uricase directly immobilized onto the electrode surface was smaller than K_M value of L. plantarum uricase immobilized on zeolite. The smaller K_M value shows the higher affinity toward the substrate. The electrode when kept at 10°C was stable until 6 days, however the immobilized electrode on zeolite was stable until 18 days. Therefore, Indonesian L. plantarum could be used as a uric acid biosensor. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Related Products of 605-94-7).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Related Products of 605-94-7

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Polysubstituted Pyrimidines as mPGES-1 Inhibitors: Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of PGE₂ Production with Strong Anti-inflammatory Effects in Carrageenan-Induced Rat Paw Edema was written by Kalcic, Filip;Kolman, Viktor;Ajani, Haresh;Zidek, Zdenek;Janeba, Zlatko. And the article was included in ChemMedChem in 2020.Formula: C14H15BO4 This article mentions the following:

We report an extensive structure-activity relationship optimization of polysubstituted pyrimidines that led to the discovery of 5-butyl-4-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine, and its difluorinated analog. These compounds are sub-micromolar inhibitors of PGE₂ production (IC₅₀ as low as 12 nM). In order to identify the mol. target of anti-inflammatory pyrimidines, we performed extensive studies including enzymic assays, homol. modeling and docking. The difluorinated analog simultaneously inhibits two key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, namely mPGES-1 and COX-2, with mPGES-1 inhibition being the principal mechanism of action. Other pyrimidines studied are potent mPGES-1 inhibitors with no observed inhibition of COX-1/2 enzymes. Moreover, the two most potent compounds proved to be significantly effective in vivo in a model of acute inflammation, suppressing carrageenan-induced rat paw edema by 36 and 46%. The promising results of this study warrant further preclin. evaluation of selected anti-inflammatory candidates. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-((4-Methoxybenzyl)oxy)phenyl)boronic acid (cas: 156635-90-4Formula: C14H15BO4).

(4-((4-Methoxybenzyl)oxy)phenyl)boronic acid (cas: 156635-90-4) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Formula: C14H15BO4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Mild Amide Synthesis Using Nitrobenzene under Neutral Conditions was written by Xiong, Ni;Dong, Yuanqi;Xu, Bin;Li, Yang;Zeng, Rong. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Computed Properties of C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

In this report, a mild protocol for amide formation using the readily available nitroarenes as nitrogen sources and an inexpensive iron complex as a catalyst was described. Because of the use of the pH-neutral conditions and the avoidance of the strong oxidant or reductant, a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes as well as nitroarenes with various functional groups could be tolerated well. A plausible mechanism was proposed based on the detailed studies, in which iron catalyst initiates the radical process and the solvent plays a key role as O-atom acceptor. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Computed Properties of C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Computed Properties of C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Sulfuryl Fluoride Mediated Synthesis of Amides and Amidines from Ketoximes via Beckmann Rearrangement was written by Gurjar, Jitendra;Fokin, Valery V.. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2020.Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid This article mentions the following:

A metal-free and redox-neutral method for Beckmann rearrangement employing inexpensive and readily available SO₂F₂ gas was described. The reported transformation proceeded at ambient temperature and was compatible with a wide range of sterically and electronically diverse aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic and lignin-like oximes providing amides in good to excellent yields. The reaction proceeded through the formation of an imidoyl fluoride intermediate that was used for the synthesis of amidines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

A Light(er) Approach for the Selective Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan without External H₂ was written by Jaryal, Arpna;Venugopala Rao, Battula;Kailasam, Kamalakannan. And the article was included in ChemSusChem in 2022.Formula: C8H10O2 This article mentions the following:

The selective conversion of 5-hydroxymethyfurfural (HMF), a biomass-derived platform mol., to value added chems. can ease the burden on petroleum-based fine chem. synthesis. The active contribution of renewable energy sources along with low cost, environmental friendliness, and a simple reaction system must be adopted for better sustainability. In this context, photocatalytic selective hydrogenation of HMF to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) was achieved over P 25 titania nanoparticles without chem. squander. Simultaneously the photo-oxidation of p-methoxybenzyl alc. (MeOBA) to p-methoxybenzaldehyde (MeOBaL), similar to biomass-derived vanillin, was carried out, abolishing the need of addnl. redox reagents. This system put forward the competent employment of photogenerated excitons for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chems., which is an urgent requirement for sustainable chem. synthesis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Formula: C8H10O2).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Formula: C8H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Oversized ubiquinones as molecular probes for structural dynamics of the ubiquinone reaction site in mitochondrial respiratory complex I was written by Uno, Shinpei;Masuya, Takahiro;Shinzawa-Itoh, Kyoko;Lasham, Jonathan;Haapanen, Outi;Shiba, Tomoo;Inaoka, Daniel Ken;Sharma, Vivek;Murai, Masatoshi;Miyoshi, Hideto. And the article was included in Journal of Biological Chemistry in 2020.Computed Properties of C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) couples electron transfer from NADH to quinone with proton translocation across the membrane. Quinone reduction is a key step for energy transmission from the site of quinone reduction to the remotely located proton-pumping machinery of the enzyme. Although structural biol. studies have proposed the existence of a long and narrow quinone-access channel, the physiol. relevance of this channel remains debatable. We investigated here whether complex I in bovine heart submitochondrial particles (SMPs) can catalytically reduce a series of oversized ubiquinones (OS-UQs), which are highly unlikely to transit the narrow channel because their side chain includes a bulky “block” that is ∼13 Å across. We found that some OS-UQs function as efficient electron acceptors from complex I, accepting electrons with an efficiency comparable with ubiquinone-2. The catalytic reduction and proton translocation coupled with this reduction were completely inhibited by different quinone-site inhibitors, indicating that the reduction of OS-UQs takes place at the physiol. reaction site for ubiquinone. Notably, the proton-translocating efficiencies of OS-UQs significantly varied depending on their side-chain structures, suggesting that the reaction characteristics of OS-UQs affect the predicted structural changes of the quinone reaction site required for triggering proton translocation. These results are difficult to reconcile with the current channel model; rather, the access path for ubiquinone may be open to allow OS-UQs to access the reaction site. Nevertheless, contrary to the observations in SMPs, OSUQs were not catalytically reduced by isolated complex I reconstituted into liposomes. We discuss possible reasons for these contradictory results. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Computed Properties of C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Computed Properties of C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Experimental investigation on the oxidation of printing ink wastewater under hydrothermal flames was written by Zhang, Fengming;Li, Yufeng;Liang, Zhaojian;Wu, Tong;Huang, Yingfei. And the article was included in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 111-77-3 This article mentions the following:

Printing ink wastewater has a strong color and contains high salinity and high concentrations of complex organic compounds, posting a severe threat to the ecol. environment and human health. In this work, supercritical water oxidation of printing ink wastewater is performed within a transpiring wall reactor (TWR) to avoid corrosion and salt plugging issues. The high concentration of organic matter in printing ink wastewater is used to form hydrothermal flames for enhanced degradation Flame temperatures, gaseous and aqueous products characteristics, as well as the anti-corrosion and salt plugging performance of the reactor, are obtained. A remarkable temperature fluctuation due to the multi-component systems indicates the instability of hydrothermal flame. The salt recovery rate of 94.56% and the integrity of the porous tube inner wall indicate that TWR has a good performance in terms of anti-corrosion and salt plugging. Under typical conditions, the removal rates for COD, total nitrogen, and color are 99.52%, 70.07%, and 97.89%, resp. Alkanes, nitrogenous compounds, benzodiazepines, and heterocyclic compounds in the aqueous products, and CO, H₂, NH₃, and CH₄ in the gaseous products are the main intermediate products of printing ink wastewater under hydrothermal flames. Ammonia nitrogen, as the main intermediate product, inhibits the complete oxidation of nitrogenous organic compounds Addnl., higher KNO₃ concentrations promote the complete oxidation of nitrogenous organic compounds, while higher NaOH concentrations can increase the pH value and slightly facilitate degradation In addition, higher feed flow rates prevent deposition and adhesion of additives that occur at high concentrations In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3HPLC of Formula: 111-77-3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.HPLC of Formula: 111-77-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem