Month: December 2022

Multigram Synthesis of Well-Defined Extended Bifunctional Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Chains was written by Loiseau, Francois A.;Hii, King Kuok;Hill, Alison M.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2004.Formula: C11H22O5 This article mentions the following:

A series of novel, well-defined, unsym. poly(ethylene glycol) chains of the type X(OCH₂CH₂)_nY (where X = protecting group; Y = nucleofuge or a different protecting group; n = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24) were prepared in high yields by applying orthogonal protecting groups. The purity of the compounds was fully verified by elemental and high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6Formula: C11H22O5).

2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.Formula: C11H22O5

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Ratiometric quantitation of thiol metabolites using non-isotopic mass tags was written by Zhao, Xiaofeng;Hui, Dawn S.;Lee, Richard;Edwards, James L.. And the article was included in Analytica Chimica Acta in 2018.Formula: C9H10O4 This article mentions the following:

Ratiometric quantitation was used in mass spectrometry to account for variations in ionization efficiencies due to heterogenous sample matrixes. Isotopes are most commonly used to achieve ratiometric quantitation because of their ability to coelute chromatog. with each other and to have similar ionization efficiencies. In the work presented here, a new non-isotopic quant. tagging approach is presented which allows chromatog. coelution and similar ionization efficiencies. Using two variations of maleimide tags, t-Bu and cyclohexyl maleimide, thiols are quantified with a high degree of linearity up to five-fold concentration differences. Because these two tags have similar hydrophobcities, they elute simultaneously which allows them to be used for ratiometric quantitation. Beyond the five-fold linear range, signal compression is observed This technique was able to quantify thiol changes in both in vitro pharmacol. treatments as well as in vivo diabetic tissue. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Formula: C9H10O4).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Formula: C9H10O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Iron-Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Ethers via Cleavage of C-O Bonds was written by Zeng, Xiaoqin;Zhang, Yuxuan;Liu, Zhengli;Geng, Shasha;He, Yun;Feng, Zhang. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2020.Application In Synthesis of 2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane This article mentions the following:

Herein, the iron-catalyzed borylation of aryl ethers and aryl amines via cleavage of C-O and C-N bonds is reported. This protocol does not require the use of Grignard reagents and displays a broad substrate scope, which allows the late-stage borylation. It also provides facile access to multisubstituted arenes through C-H functionalization using 2-pyridyloxy as the directing group. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4Application In Synthesis of 2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane).

2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 365564-07-4) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Application In Synthesis of 2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Human body odor discrimination by GC-MS spectra data mining was written by Jha, Sunil Kr.;Marina, Ninoslav;Liu, Chuanjun;Hayashi, Kenshi. And the article was included in Analytical Methods in 2015.Reference of 66943-05-3 This article mentions the following:

The present study explores individual identity perception by analyzing the chem. peak information in the gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectra of body odor samples with standard data mining approaches. Mainly, the principal component anal. (PCA) method is chosen for the visual discrimination of the body odor samples in feature space. PCA in combination with the support vector machine (SVM) method is used for quant. recognition. GC-MS characterization confirms the composition of numerous chem. species (aldehydes, acids, ketones, esters, sulfides etc.) in the body odor samples. The GC-MS spectra of body odor samples from the armpit and neck of three people (from dissimilar age groups) at two different sampling times (0 h and 4 h) were recorded in the experiment A few blank (non-body odor) samples were also characterized with GC-MS and included as references in further anal. by the data mining methods. The discrimination efficiency (both qual. and quant.) for the individual body odors was evaluated for (i) three variables of chem. information in the GC-MS spectra (the peak area, peak height and ratio of peak area to height); (ii) two sampling times (0 h and 4 h); and (iii) two sampling parts of the body (the neck and armpit). The best visual discrimination of the individual body odors has been achieved using the peak height as a variable for the neck odor with a sampling time of 4 h. This result has been established with class separability measures calculated with principal component (PC) scores and SVM classification outcomes (86%). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3Reference of 66943-05-3).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.Reference of 66943-05-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Metal catalysis in aliphatic isocyanate-alcohol reactions was written by Oberth, Adolf E.;Bruenner, Rolf S.. And the article was included in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals in 1969.Reference of 20324-33-8 This article mentions the following:

A number of metal catalysts for the aliphatic isocyanate-alc. reaction were studied. Partial alcoholysis of the metal compound is required for the activation of the alc. Compounds which suppress alcoholysis also reduce the catalytic activity. The equilibrium involving the alcoholytic products can account for the effects of concentration of catalyst, alc., and alcoholytic products on the rate of the catalyzed reaction. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((1-((1-Methoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-ol (cas: 20324-33-8Reference of 20324-33-8).

1-((1-((1-Methoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-ol (cas: 20324-33-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Reference of 20324-33-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Influence of culture conditions on production of flavor compounds by 29 ligninolytic basidiomycetes was written by Gallois, Annie;Gross, Brigitte;Langlois, Dominique;Spinnler, Henry Eric;Brunerie, Pascal. And the article was included in Mycological Research in 1990.COA of Formula: C11H16O3 This article mentions the following:

The odorous volatile metabolites produced by 29 ligninolytic basidiomycete strains (identified by gas chromatog. coupled to mass spectroscopy) and the flavor quality of their cultures were investigated on 6 different liquid media tested with and without agitation. A total of 113 compounds were identified, the most numerous being alcs. (2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-phenylethanol, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylmethanol, 4-vinylphenol), aldehydes (1,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde) and ketones (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one). One third of these compounds possessed an aromatic skeleton. The influences of medium composition and agitation conditions on the odorous profile are discussed. A strain specificity within several spp. was also observed In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3COA of Formula: C11H16O3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of electrons with the magnesium atom. Complexation of the magnesium atom stabilizes the Grignard reagent and helps to keep it in solution.COA of Formula: C11H16O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Iodination of Methylated Anisoles: Unusual Aryl Methyl Replacements and Oxidations was written by Panetta, Charles A.;Fang, Zheng;Mattern, Daniell L.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1995.Formula: C8H9IO This article mentions the following:

The treatment of methylated anisoles with iodine, periodic acid, sulfuric acid, and aqueous acetic acid has resulted in iododemethylations and/or aryl Me oxidations in addition to the expected mono- and diiodinations of the aromatic ring. Four dimethylanisoles and o-methylanisole were treated under identical conditions. Iododemethylations were observed in three of the four dimethylanisoles and aryl Me oxidations to benzaldehydes occurred with o-methylanisole and two of the dimethylanisoles. No precedence could be found for either of these reactions under the exptl. conditions employed. Several possible mechanisms are discussed for these transformations. Some exptl. evidence suggests that Me oxidation to a benzaldehyde could be a prerequisite for an iododemethylation via an iodonium ion-assisted reverse Gattermann-Koch reaction: single-electron-transfer or classical electrophilic mechanisms are also consistent with the iododemethylations. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2Formula: C8H9IO).

4-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (cas: 75581-11-2) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Formula: C8H9IO

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Hydrothermal carbonization as a sustainable strategy for integral valorisation of apple waste was written by Suarez, Loreto;Benavente-Ferraces, Iria;Plaza, Cesar;de Pascual-Teresa, Sonia;Suarez-Ruiz, Isabel;Centeno, Teresa A.. And the article was included in Bioresource Technology in 2020.Application In Synthesis of 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid This article mentions the following:

Hydrothermal carbonization makes feasible the integral and profitable recovery of industrial apple waste within a zero-residue bio-economy. 82-96% of the energy and 80-93% of the C in the apple bagasse are retained in the solids generated by hydrothermal treatment at 180 and 230°C for 2 and 4 h. Such processes stabilize the apple waste and lead to CO₂ neutral solid fuels with calorific value close to 30 MJ/kg. The agrochem. properties of the solid byproducts suggest their potential to improve soil quality. Aqueous streams containing valuable phenolic compounds and saturated fatty acids are generated simultaneously, which provide addnl. cost-effectiveness. The byproducts characteristics can be suited to the final application by selecting the reaction temperature, whereas the process duration has less impact. Optical microscopy and reflectance measurements are presented, for the first time, as powerful tools for assessing the biomass transformation when subjected to hydrothermal treatment under different conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8Application In Synthesis of 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid).

3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (cas: 6972-61-8) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Application In Synthesis of 3-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

A novel and efficient synthesis of dihydrexidine was written by Cueva, Juan Pablo;Nichols, David E.. And the article was included in Synthesis in 2009.Formula: C11H16O3 This article mentions the following:

An efficient synthesis of the dopamine D₁-selective full agonist dihydrexidine was achieved in high yields and requiring no chromatog. separations via a facilitated intramol. Henry cyclization of a 2-(3-nitropropyl)benzophenone and subsequent diastereoselective reduction of the resulting tricyclic nitro alkene. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Formula: C11H16O3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Formula: C11H16O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Protease Inhibitors of HIV-1 was written by Ding, Yili;Smith, Kenneth L.;Vara Prasad, Chamakura V. N. S.;Wang, Bingyun. And the article was included in Letters in Organic Chemistry in 2018.Safety of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid This article mentions the following:

Six new protease inhibitors, e.g., I were designed and synthesized based on the key structural fragments in lopinavir and tipranavir. The designed new compounds contain heterocyclic groups such as thiophene, isoxazole, and imidazole groups, and the best compound I exhibited 0.6 nm of the protease inhibitory activity. Some of these newly designed compounds showed good to excellent HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity, which indicated that this method would be useful for the discovery of new drug lead compounds that target HIV. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4Safety of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Safety of 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem