Month: December 2022

Integrating photogenerated charge carriers for hydrogen production on noble-metal free dual-photocatalyst under visible light was written by Wang, Yang;Yang, Jiawen;Qin, Xiru;Zhuang, Jiayi;Yin, Wujie;Chen, Tingting;Yao, Yong. And the article was included in Composites, Part B: Engineering in 2022.Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Simultaneous using photogenerated electrons and holes in one reaction to produce H₂ and value-added organic intermediates hold great promise for the green synthesis of chems. and clean energy. Herein, we designed an efficient, noble-metal free and dual-photocatalyst Ni/Zn₃In₂S₆ for simultaneous aldehydes synthesis and H₂ production under visible light irradiation Due to the reasonable band structure of Zn₃In₂S₆ and the Schottky barrier established between Zn₃In₂S₆ and Ni, the photogenerated electrons and holes with suitable redox potentials can be spatially separated and efficiently transferred. Thereby, alcs. can be highly selective oxidized into corresponding aldehydes or carbonyl compounds at Zn₃In₂S₆ by the holes, and the released protons can be rapidly reduced into H₂ at Ni by the electrons. The H₂ evolution of the optimal Ni/Zn₃In₂S₆ can reach up to 277.2μmol h^-1, which is about 6.5 and 5.3 times as high as that of the pristine Zn₃In₂S₆ and the Pt/Zn₃In₂S₆, resp. Ni/Zn₃In₂S₆ also shows the stability and general applicability for other aromatic and non-aromatic alcs. Compared with NiS_x, NiO_x and Ni²⁺ cocatalysts, the metallic state of Ni is the key to achieving these photoredox reactions for effective utilization of photoexcited holes and electrons in one reaction system. During the photoredox reactions, two protons derived from O-H and Cα-H are abstracted from alcs. and then reduced into H₂ by the photogenerated electrons. At the same time, alcs. are oxidized into aldehydes or carbonyl compounds by the photogenerated holes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol).

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (cas: 105-13-5) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Name: (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Diazocine-functionalized TATA platforms was written by Loew, Roland;Rusch, Talina;Roehricht, Fynn;Magnussen, Olaf;Herges, Rainer. And the article was included in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2019.Electric Literature of C8H9NO3 This article mentions the following:

Recently, it has been shown that the thermochem. cis→trans isomerization of azobenzenes is accelerated by a factor of more than 1000 by electronic coupling to a gold surface via a conjugated system with 11 bonds and a distance of 14 Å. The corresponding mol. architecture consists of a platform (triazatriangulenium (TATA)) which adsorbs on the gold surface, with an acetylene spacer standing upright, like a post in the middle of the platform and the azobenzene unit mounted on top. The rate acceleration is due to a very peculiar thermal singlet-triplet-singlet mechanism mediated by bulk gold. To investigate this mechanism further and to examine scope and limitation of the “spin-switch catalysis” we now prepared analogous diazocine systems. Diazocines, in contrast to azobenzenes, are stable in the cis-configuration. Upon irradiation with light of 405 nm the cis-configuration isomerizes to the trans-form, which slowly returns back to the stable cis-isomer. To investigate the thermal trans→cis isomerization as a function of the conjugation to the metal surface, we connected the acetylene spacer in meta (weak conjugation) and in para (strong conjugation) position. Both isomers form ordered monolayers on Au(111) surfaces. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8Electric Literature of C8H9NO3).

3-Methyl-4-nitroanisole (cas: 5367-32-8) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Electric Literature of C8H9NO3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

3-Phenylpropanoic Acid-Based Phosphotyrosine (pTyr) Mimetics: Hit Evolution to a Novel Orally Active Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Inhibitor was written by Tang, Yan-Bo;Liu, Jun-Zheng;Zhang, Shu-En;Du, Xin;Nie, Feilin;Tian, Jin-Ying;Ye, Fei;Huang, Kai;Hu, Jin-Ping;Li, Yan;Xiao, Zhiyan. And the article was included in ChemMedChem in 2014.Application of 54916-28-8 This article mentions the following:

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a promising therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Herein, we report the evolution of a previously identified 3-phenylpropanoic acid-based PTP1B inhibitor to an orally active lead compound A series of 3-phenylpropanoic acid-based PTP1B inhibitors were synthesized, and three of them, 3-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid (9), 3-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(4′-bromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-5-oxopentanoic acid (10) and 3-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid (16), showed IC₅₀ values at sub-micromolar level. Further in vivo evaluation indicated the sodium salt of 9 not only exhibited significant insulin-sensitizing and hypoglycemia effects, but also decreased the serum levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance model mice. Preliminary in vivo pharmacokinetic studies on the sodium salt of 9 revealed its pharmacokinetic profile after oral administration in rats. These results provide proof-of-concept for the dual effects of PTP1B inhibitors on both glucose and lipid metabolisms In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8Application of 54916-28-8).

1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.Application of 54916-28-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Divergent Regioselective Csp²-H Difluoromethylation of Aromatic Amines Enabled by Nickel Catalysis was written by Gou, Quan;Chen, Qianqiong;Tan, Qiujian;Zhu, Minghong;Huang, Huisheng;Deng, Mengjiao;Yi, Wei;He, Shuhua. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide This article mentions the following:

Herein, the first catalytic protocol for nickel-catalyzed ortho or para position difluoromethylation of various aromatic amines was developed with the assistance of a bidentate phosphine ligand, offering an invaluable synthesis means to construct extensive p-difluoromethylated products and difluorooxindole derivatives with significant functional fragments. Furthermore, the gram-scale reaction, broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group compatibility, late-stage difluoromethylation of pesticides, and even formal synthesis of HDAC6 inhibitors further demonstrate the usefulness of this method. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide).

N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide (cas: 56619-93-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Safety of N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)pivalamide

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

SnOct₂-catalyzed and alcohol-initiated ROPs of L-lactide – About the influence of initiators on chemical reactions in the melt and the solid state was written by Weidner, Steffen M.;Meyer, Andreas;Falkenhagen, Jana;Kricheldorf, Hans R.. And the article was included in European Polymer Journal in 2021.Reference of 111-77-3 This article mentions the following:

SnOct₂ (Sn(II) 2-ethylhexanoate) catalyzed ROPs of L-lactide were performed in bulk with eight different alcs. as initiators. The time was varied between 1 h and 24 h for all initiators. For two initiators the temperature was also lowered to 115°C. Even-numbered chains were predominantly formed in all polymerizations at short times, but the rate of transesterification (e.g. even/odd equilibration) and the mol. weight distribution were found to depend significantly on the nature of the initiator. Observed transesterification reactions also continued in solid poly(L-lactide), and with the most active initiator, almost total equilibration was achieved even at 130°C. This means that all chains including those of the crystallites were involved in transesterification reactions proceeding across the flat surfaces of the crystallites. The more or less equilibrated crystalline polylactides were characterized by DSC and SAXS measurements with regard to their melting temperature (T_m), crystallinity and crystal thickness. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3Reference of 111-77-3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Reference of 111-77-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone (coenzyme Q₀) disrupts carbohydrate metabolism of HeLa cells by adduct formation with intracellular free sulfhydryl-groups, and induces ATP depletion and necrosis was written by Takahashi, Takayuki;Mine, Yukitoshi;Okamoto, Tadashi. And the article was included in Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin in 2018.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone is a common chem. structure of coenzyme Q (CoQ) that conjugates different lengths of an isoprenoid side chain at the 6-position of the p-benzoquinone ring. In a series of studies to explore the cytotoxic mechanism of CoQ homologues with a short isoprenoid side chain, we found that a CoQ analog without an isoprenoid side chain, CoQ₀, showed marked toxicity against HeLa cells in comparison with cytotoxic homologues. The CoQ₀-induced cell death was accompanied by a decrease in endogenous non-protein and protein-associated sulfhydryl (SH)-groups, but this improved with the concomitant addition of compounds with SH-groups but not antioxidants without SH-groups. In addition, UV-spectrum anal. suggested that CoQ₀ could rapidly form S-conjugated adducts with compounds with SH-groups by Michael addition On the other hand, enzyme activities of both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which has a Cys residue in the active site, and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, which requires cofactors with SH-groups, CoA and protein-bound a-lipoic acid, and CoA and ATP contents in the cells were significantly decreased by the addition of CoQ₀ but not CoQ₁. These results suggest that CoQ₀ rapidly forms S-conjugate adducts with these endogenous non-protein and protein-associated SH-groups of HeLa cells, which disrupts carbohydrate metabolism followed by intracellular ATP depletion and necrotic cell death. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (cas: 605-94-7) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Synthesis of 2-aryloxymethylbenzimidazole-1-propionitrile derivatives under microwave irradiation was written by Wei, Tai-bao;Hua, Mao-tang;Li, Xin-lin;Zhang, You-ming. And the article was included in Xibei Shifan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban in 2012.HPLC of Formula: 1877-75-4 This article mentions the following:

A series of new 2-aryloxymethylbenzimidazole-1-propionitrile derivatives were synthesized by aza-Michael addition under micro wave-irradiation and characterized by elemental anal., IR, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR. The mol. structure of 4e was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The cell packing diagram shows that the complex is self-assembled with 1-dimensional supramol. chain supported by H-bonds and π-π interactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4HPLC of Formula: 1877-75-4).

2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cas: 1877-75-4) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.HPLC of Formula: 1877-75-4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Metal-acid nanoplate-supported ultrafine Ru nanoclusters for efficient catalytic fractionation of lignin into aromatic alcohols was written by Ullah, Naseeb;Odda, Atheer Hameid;Liang, Kuang;Kombo, Miza Ali;Sahar, Shafaq;Ma, Liu-Bo;Fang, Xiao-Xiang;Xu, An-Wu. And the article was included in Green Chemistry in 2019.Category: ethers-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The catalytic fractionation of lignin in a native lignocellulose matrix is crucial to the comprehensive achievement of sustainable and green chems. Herein, we prepared a novel metal-acid bifunctional nanocomposite of finely scattered metallic Ru nanoclusters (NCs) sustained on porous hafnium phosphate nanoplates (α-HfP NPs) to effectively depolymerise lignocellulosic biomass. A native lignin fraction of pine lignocellulose was promptly depolymerised into 19.86 wt% yield (lignin based) of valuable phenolic monomers (with dihydroeugenol as the main compound with high selectivity) and few cyclic ketones through one-pot catalytic reductive fractionation under mild conditions (190 °C, 3.5 MPa H₂). Detailed scanning and transmission electron microscopy, XPS, and temperature-programmed desorption ammonia investigation correlated with the obtained results revealed that the metal-acid synergistic influence and the presence of Bronsted acid sites in the support for dehydration and the well-dispersed metallic role of Ru NCs for hydrodeoxygenation were responsible for the cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate (ester and ether linkages) bonds. Moreover, treating com. lignin as a substrate in an organic solvent generated 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) in high yield, as well as other functionalised phenolic monomers up to 85% selectivity, illustrating the high susceptibility of Ru/α-HfP NPs towards C-O bond cleavage through reductive fractionation. Multiple recycling tests of the catalyst were performed without any apparent loss of activity. Overall, this report highlighted the potential of the synthesis strategy of the metal-acid supported catalyst to immediately depolymerise untreated biomass and can thus encourage the green, cost-efficient, large-scale production of intermediate chems. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Category: ethers-buliding-blocks).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Category: ethers-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Determination of Average Coulombic Efficiency for Rechargeable Magnesium Metal Anodes in Prospective Electrolyte Solutions was written by Attias, Ran;Dlugatch, Ben;Blumen, Omer;Shwartsman, Keren;Salama, Michal;Shpigel, Netanel;Sharon, Daniel. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2022.Recommanded Product: 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

The design of electrolyte solutions that permit reversible and efficient Mg metal electrodeposition is one of the most important tasks in the development of rechargeable Mg batteries. Several types of electrolyte solutions for Mg metal anodes have been developed and explored over the last two decades. These investigations have contributed to a better understanding of the Mg deposition and stripping processes. However, the Coulombic efficiency (CE) for reversible electrodeposition reported for these various systems and their performance in comparison to one another remained unclear. We used rigorous electrochem. methods to accurately quantify the average CE of the major electrolyte solutions considered for secondary Mg metal batteries. We demonstrated how changes in the experiential protocols influence CE measurements, resulting in inconsistent reports. Even though exceptional efficiency has been reported for a variety of systems, we discovered that the only candidate that currently meets the 99% CE benchmark during a prolonged cycling procedure is the dichloro-complex, which is a first-generation Grignard-based electrolyte solution Second- and third-generation Grignard-free and chloride-free solutions showed reasonable CE only when the deposition currents densities were lowered. This comprehensive and systematic investigation will help to create a more accurate treasure map for potential electrolyte solutions for rechargeable Mg metal anodes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Recommanded Product: 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. The oxygen atom in ethers are more electronegative than carbon, thus the hydrogens which are alpha to the ethers are more acidic than the simple hydrocarbons. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Recommanded Product: 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Analytical tools for identification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials and their migration into food simulants was written by Felix, Juliana S.;Isella, Francesca;Bosetti, Osvaldo;Nerin, Cristina. And the article was included in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry in 2012.Reference of 20324-33-8 This article mentions the following:

Adhesives used in food packaging to glue different materials can provide several substances as potential migrants, and the identification of potential migrants and migration tests are required to assess safety in the use of adhesives. Solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode and gas chromatog. coupled to mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and ChemSpider and SciFinder databases were used as powerful tools to identify the potential migrants in the polyurethane (PU) adhesives and also in the individual plastic films (polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyethylene/ethyl vinyl alc.). Migration tests were carried out by using Tenax and isooctane as food simulants, and the migrants were analyzed by gas chromatog. coupled to mass spectrometry. More than 63 volatile and semivolatile compounds considered as potential migrants were detected either in the adhesives or in the films. Migration tests showed two non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from PU adhesives that migrated through the laminates into Tenax and into isooctane. Identification of these NIAS was achieved through their mass spectra, and 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione and 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione were confirmed. Caprolactam migrated into isooctane, and its origin was the external plastic film in the multilayer, demonstrating real diffusion through the multilayer structure. Comparison of the migration values between the simulants and conditions will be shown and discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-((1-((1-Methoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-ol (cas: 20324-33-8Reference of 20324-33-8).

1-((1-((1-Methoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-ol (cas: 20324-33-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. But ether is more polar than alkenes. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.Reference of 20324-33-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem