Month: December 2022

Self-Assembly of Janus Dendrimers into Uniform Dendrimersomes and Other Complex Architectures was written by Percec, Virgil;Wilson, Daniela A.;Leowanawat, Pawaret;Wilson, Christopher J.;Hughes, Andrew D.;Kaucher, Mark S.;Hammer, Daniel A.;Levine, Dalia H.;Kim, Anthony J.;Bates, Frank S.;Davis, Kevin P.;Lodge, Timothy P.;Klein, Michael L.;De Vane, Russell H.;Aqad, Emad;Rosen, Brad M.;Argintaru, Andreea O.;Sienkowska, Monika J.;Rissanen, Kari;Nummelin, Sami;Ropponen, Jarmo. And the article was included in Science (Washington, DC, United States) in 2010.Reference of 60221-37-6 This article mentions the following:

Self-assembled nanostructures obtained from natural and synthetic amphiphiles serve as mimics of biol. membranes and enable the delivery of drugs, proteins, genes, and imaging agents. Yet the precise mol. arrangements demanded by these functions are difficult to achieve. Libraries of amphiphilic Janus dendrimers, prepared by facile coupling of tailored hydrophilic and hydrophobic branched segments, have been screened by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, revealing a rich palette of morphologies in water, including vesicles, denoted dendrimersomes, cubosomes, disks, tubular vesicles, and helical ribbons. Dendrimersomes marry the stability and mech. strength obtainable from polymersomes with the biol. function of stabilized phospholipid liposomes, plus superior uniformity of size, ease of formation, and chem. functionalization. This modular synthesis strategy provides access to systematic tuning of mol. structure and of self-assembled architecture. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6Reference of 60221-37-6).

2-(2-(2-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 60221-37-6) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.Reference of 60221-37-6

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Nano-CuI catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of phenols with nitroarenes was written by Xu, Xiaolan;Feng, Teng;He, Jianbo;Xu, Huajian. And the article was included in Youji Huaxue in 2016.COA of Formula: C15H14O3 This article mentions the following:

A general and efficient method for the synthesis of diaryl ethers, e. g., I, via nano-CuI catalyzed coupling reaction of phenols with nitroarenes was developed. The efficiency of this reaction was demonstrated by its compatibility with a range of functional groups in good to excellent yields. The catalyst could be recycled for three times without significant loss of the catalytic activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8COA of Formula: C15H14O3).

1-(4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)ethanone (cas: 54916-28-8) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.COA of Formula: C15H14O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Electrochemical esterification reaction of alkynes with diols via cleavage of carbon-carbon triple bonds without catalyst and oxidant was written by Wang, Pei-Long;Shen, Hui-Zhi;Cheng, Hui-Hui;Gao, Hui;Li, Pin-Hua. And the article was included in Green Chemistry in 2020.COA of Formula: C5H12O3 This article mentions the following:

A novel electrochem. esterification of alkynes for the synthesis of aryl esters I [R = (CH₂)₂OH, (CH₂)₃OH, (CH₂)₄OH, etc.; R¹ = H, 2-Cl, 4-Me, etc.] was developed in which diols and their derivatives were used as the partners. This method was green as it was catalyst-free, oxidant-free and additive-free and showed atom-economy. This was the first example of an electrochem. reaction via cleavage of carbon-carbon triple bonds. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3COA of Formula: C5H12O3).

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (cas: 111-77-3) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for extractions and for a wide variety of chemical reactions. It is also used as a volatile starting fluid for diesel engines and gasoline engines in cold weather. Dimethyl ether is used as a spray propellant and refrigerant. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the octane number and reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust. The ethers of ethylene glycol are used as solvents and plasticizers.COA of Formula: C5H12O3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Effects of Electrolytes on Thermodynamics and Structure of Oligo(ethylene oxide)/Salt Solutions and Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of a Squalane/Tetraethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Blend was written by Shen, Zhengyuan;Chen, Qile P.;Xie, Shuyi;Lodge, Timothy P.;Siepmann, J. Ilja. And the article was included in Macromolecules (Washington, DC, United States) in 2021.Synthetic Route of C8H18O4 This article mentions the following:

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations for salt-doped oligo(ethylene oxide) (OEO, M_w = 90-266 g/mol) solutions show that the presence of ions leads to significant increases in the cohesive energy d. (Π_CED) and the enthalpy of vaporization for OEO chains but that compensation by entropic contributions leads to only small changes in the Gibbs free energy of transfer and vapor pressure. At the same relative ion concentration (r) and temperature, the Π_CED values of the salt-doped systems order as LiClO₄ > LiF > CsClO₄ ≈ CsF. Structural anal. indicates significant ion clustering in addition to coordination of cations by OEO chains. After accounting for ion clustering via the van’t Hoff factor, the solvents’ vapor pressures are well described by Raoult’s law. Experiments and simulations for a squalane/tetraethylene glycol di-Me ether blend (x_W,OEO = 0.65) show that the addition of LiClO₄ does not significantly alter the miscibility gap below 0.95 T_CP,free, the critical temperature of the salt-free blend. However, the coexistence curve for the LiClO₄-doped system does not close with the usual power-law scaling at T > 0.95 T_CP,free as transfer of OEO chains to the squalane-rich phase leads to an increase in r in the OEO-rich phase, which, in turn, makes it a less hospitable environment for squalane. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Synthetic Route of C8H18O4).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Synthetic Route of C8H18O4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Cation enhanced trans-cis photoisomerization in lariat azacrown ethers was written by Kumar, Perepogu Arun;Srinivas, Uppalanchi;Rao, V. Jayathirtha. And the article was included in Current Organic Chemistry in 2010.HPLC of Formula: 66943-05-3 This article mentions the following:

The authors describe the synthesis and effect of complexation on photochem. E (trans) to Z (cis) isomerization of lariat azacrown ethers. Lariat azacrown ethers-Ca²⁺ complexes are characterized by UV-visible, ¹H-NMR and fluorescence techniques. Photostationary state composition of E-Z isomers upon irradiation under direct excitation and complexation with Ca(ClO₄)₂, quantum yield of photoisomerization, and fluorescence properties are described. Anomalous increase in the quantum yields were observed for lariat azacrown ether-Ca²⁺ complexes. Fluorescence studies indicated that the highly polarized/charge transfer nature of the singlet excited state is involved in E (trans) to Z (cis) isomerization process. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3HPLC of Formula: 66943-05-3).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.HPLC of Formula: 66943-05-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

A convenient synthesis of quinolizinium salts through Rh(III) or Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H bond activation of 2-alkenylpyridines was written by Luo, Ching-Zong;Gandeepan, Parthasarathy;Cheng, Chien-Hong. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2013.Related Products of 16356-02-8 This article mentions the following:

An efficient synthesis of quinolizinium salts from 2-vinylpyridines and alkynes via Rh(III) or Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H activation and annulation reaction is described. A possible mechanism involving pyridine assisted vinylic ortho-C-H activation, alkyne insertion and reductive elimination is proposed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8Related Products of 16356-02-8).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides. At room temperature, ethers are pleasant-smelling colourless liquids. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil.Related Products of 16356-02-8

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Demonstrating the key role of kinetics over thermodynamics in the selection of ionic liquids for CO₂ physical absorption was written by Palomar, J.;Larriba, M.;Lemus, J.;Moreno, D.;Santiago, R.;Moya, C.;de Riva, J.;Pedrosa, G.. And the article was included in Separation and Purification Technology in 2019.Application of 112-49-2 This article mentions the following:

A comprehensive study of >50 ionic liquids (IL), integrating mol. simulation, gravimetric experiments, and process anal., was conducted to evaluate the role of thermodn. and kinetics on the phys. absorption of CO₂ by these widely researched IL solvents. Despite the common view, CO₂ molar gas solubility was a misleading criterion to select the adequate IL for use as CO₂ absorbent in com. separation columns, due to the strong kinetic control of the operation. Low viscosity and molar weight were demonstrated to be key parameters to minimize solvent consumption, energy duty, and equipment size. Short-chain imidazolium-based IL with tetracyanoborate, tricyanomethanide, and dicyanamide anions were proposed as adequate CO₂ absorbents with favorable transport and thermodn. properties. Results indicated IL do not exhibit better absorbent performance in CO₂ capture devices than conventional organic solvents (glymes, Selexol components) already in industrial use. The IL regeneration stage must be considered in future studies to state the promising advantages of IL absorbents in terms of thermal stability, energy consumption, and economy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2Application of 112-49-2).

2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane (cas: 112-49-2) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Electron-deficient reagents are also stabilized by ethers. For example, borane (BH3) is a useful reagent for making alcohols. Pure borane exists as its dimer, diborane (B2H6), a toxic gas that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Application of 112-49-2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Metal-Free Intermolecular Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Promoted by Glycerol was written by Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Marta;Gras, Emmanuel;Pericas, Miquel A.;Gomez, Montserrat. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2015.COA of Formula: C6H10O2 This article mentions the following:

Metal-free intermol. Huisgen cycloadditions using nonactivated internal alkynes were successfully performed in neat glycerol, both under thermal and microwave dielec. heating. In sharp contrast, no reaction occurs in other protic solvents, such as H₂O, EtOH, or diols. DFT calculations showed that the BnN₃/glycerol adduct promotes a more important stabilization of the corresponding LUMO than that produced in the analogous BnN₃/alc. adducts, favoring the reactivity with the alkyne in the 1st case. The presence of Cu salts in the medium did not change the reaction pathway (Cu(I) acts as spectator), except for disubstituted silylalkynes, for which desilylation takes place in contrast to the metal-free system. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8COA of Formula: C6H10O2).

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-butyne (cas: 16356-02-8) belongs to ethers. Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally less dense, are less soluble in water, and have lower boiling points. They are relatively unreactive, and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oils, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums, and hydrocarbons. Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. If concentrated or heated, these peroxides may explode. To prevent such explosions, ethers should be obtained in small quantities, kept in tightly sealed containers, and used promptly.COA of Formula: C6H10O2

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Enhancing Aromatic Production from Reductive Lignin Disassembly: in Situ O-Methylation of Phenolic Intermediates was written by Barrett, Jacob A.;Gao, Yu;Bernt, Christopher M.;Chui, Megan;Tran, Anthony T.;Foston, Marcus B.;Ford, Peter. C.. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2016.Related Products of 3929-47-3 This article mentions the following:

The selective conversion of lignin into aromatic compounds has the potential to serve as a “green” alternative to the production of petrochem. aromatics Herein, we evaluate the addition of di-Me carbonate (DMC) to a biomass conversion system that uses a Cu-doped porous metal oxide (Cu20PMO) catalyst in supercritical methanol (s.c.-MeOH) to disassemble lignin with little to no char formation. While Cu20PMO catalyzes C-O hydrogenolysis of aryl-ether bonds linking lignin monomers, it also catalyzes arene methylation and hydrogenation, leading to product proliferation. The MeOH/DMC co-solvent system significantly suppresses arene hydrogenation of the phenolic intermediates responsible for much of the undesirable product diversity via O-methylation of phenolic -OH groups to form more stable aryl-OCH3 species. Consequently, product proliferation was greatly reduced and aromatic yields greatly enhanced with lignin models, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, benzyl Ph ether, and 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethan-1-ol. In addition, organosolv poplar lignin (OPL) was examined as a substrate in the MeOH/DMC co-solvent system. The products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (31P, 13C, and 2D 1H-13C NMR) and gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry techniques. The co-solvent system demonstrated enhanced yields of aromatic products. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3Related Products of 3929-47-3).

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas: 3929-47-3) belongs to ethers. Ether is less polar than esters, alcohols or amines because of the oxygen atom that is unable to participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of bulky alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom. Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (alcohols, amines, etc.) that have O―H or N―H bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other compounds makes ethers particularly good solvents for a wide variety of organic compounds and a surprisingly large number of inorganic compounds.Related Products of 3929-47-3

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem

Complexation of Macrocyclic Compounds with Nicotinamide in Dimethylsulphoxideand its Water Mixture was written by Kotkar, Rahul M.;Srivastava, Ashwini K.. And the article was included in Supramolecular Chemistry in 2008.COA of Formula: C10H21NO4 This article mentions the following:

The complexation behavior of nicotinamide with macrocyclic polyethers viz, 15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-24-crown-8, 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane, monoaza-15-crown-5, 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diaza-cyclopentadecane, 5,6,14,15-dibenzo-1,4-dioxa-8,12-diazacyclopentadecane, 7,16-dibenzyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane, 1,4,7-tritosyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,4,7,10-tetratosyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclooctadecane has been studied in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 90% DMSO + water using differential pulse polarog. and complexation constants have been reported. Nicotinamide forms stable complexes with six-membered coronand rings of the crown ethers. The nature of the atoms (oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen) in the coronand ring is observed to affect the stability of the complex. The stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes were determined by monitoring the shifts in peak potentials of the polarograms of nicotinamide against the ligand concentration The Gibbs free energy change turns out to be neg. at 25°, which indicates the spontaneity of the binding of nicotinamide with crown ethers. The mole ratio of nicotinamide to the macrocyclic compound was also determined and it was found that the complexes were of 1:1 type with respect to crown ethers. The tendency of nicotinamide to form complexes with macrocycles is found to be greater in DMSO than in DMSO + water. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3COA of Formula: C10H21NO4).

1,4,7,10-Tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (cas: 66943-05-3) belongs to ethers. Of all the functional groups, ethers are the least reactive ones. Ether bonds are quite stable towards bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. But on the other hand, ethers undergo cleavage by reaction with acids. Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water is similar. In the language of valence bond theory, the hybridization at oxygen is sp3.COA of Formula: C10H21NO4

Referemce:
Ether – Wikipedia,
Ether | (C2H5)2O – PubChem