《2′-Fluorinated Hydantoins as Chemical Biology Tools for Base Excision Repair Glycosylases》 was written by Cao, Sheng; Rogers, JohnPatrick; Yeo, Jongchan; Anderson-Steele, Brittany; Ashby, Jonathan; David, Sheila S.. Application In Synthesis of N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal And the article was included in ACS Chemical Biology in 2020. The article conveys some information:
The guanine oxidation products, 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh) and spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), are mutagenic and toxic base lesions that are removed by Fpg, Nei, and the Nei-like (NEIL) glycosylases as the first step in base excision repair (BER). The hydantoins are excellent substrates for the NEIL glycosylases in a variety of DNA contexts beyond canonical duplex DNA, implicating the potential impact of repair activity on a multitude of cellular processes. In order to prepare stable derivatives as chem. biol. tools, oligonucleotides containing fluorine at the 2′-position of the sugar of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine2′-F-OG) were synthesized in ribo and arabino configuration. Selective oxidation of 2′-F-OG within a DNA oligonucleotide provided the corresponding 2′-F-Gh or 2′-F-Sp containing DNA. The 2′-F-hydantoins in duplex DNA were found to be highly resistant to the glycosylase activity of Fpg and NEIL1 compared to the unmodified lesion substrates. Surprisingly, however, some glycosylase-mediated base removal from both the 2′-F-ribo- and 2′-F-arabinohydantoin duplex DNA was observed Notably, the associated β-lyase strand scission reaction of the 2′-F-arabinohydantoins was inhibited such that the glycosylases were “”stalled”” at the Schiff-base intermediate. Fpg and NEIL1 showed high affinity for the 2′-F-Gh duplexes in both ribo and arabino configurations. However, binding affinity assessed using catalytically inactive variants of Fpg and NEIL1 indicated higher affinity for the 2′-F-riboGh-containing duplexes. The distinct features of glycosylase processing of 2′-F-ribohydantoins and 2′-F-arabinohydantoins illustrate their utility to reveal structural insight into damage recognition and excision by NEIL and related glycosylases and provide opportunities for delineating the impact of lesion formation and repair in cells. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal(cas: 4637-24-5Application In Synthesis of N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal)
N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal(cas: 4637-24-5) belongs to anime. Many important products require amines as part of their syntheses. Methylamine is utilized in the production of the analgesic meperidine (trade name Demerol) and the photographic developer Metol (trademark), and dimethylamine is used in the synthesis of the antihistamine diphenhydramine (trade name Benadryl), the solvent dimethylformamide (DMF), and the rocket propellant 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. The synthesis of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) incorporates diethylamine while that of the synthetic fibre Kevlar requires aromatic amines.Application In Synthesis of N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal
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